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We studied the catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid over zirconia supported ruthenium catalysts. Four different Ru/ZrO 2 catalysts were prepared by different pre-treatments and using different zirconium supports (ZrO x (OH) 4−2x and ZrO 2 ). Although the final compositions of the catalysts are the same, the pre-treatments strongly affect catalytic activity. Remarkably, one of the catalysts gave >99% yield of γ-valerolactone under mild conditions. This catalyst was also robust, and could be recycled at least four times without any loss in activity or selectivity. The activity is attributed to the presence of small ruthenium particles together with acidic sites on the catalyst.Graphical Abstract Pre-treatment changes the performance for ruthenium nanoparticles on zirconia supports, giving TONs over 3500 in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone with over 99% yield. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article

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