This paper has assessed the diversification scenario of agriculture at the national level and its reflection at farm level situation alongside. It has been observed that concentration ratio (CR 4) for four major agricultural sub-sectors has declined from 73.6 per cent to 69.6 per cent for the study period, 1999-00 to 2013-14. It clearly indicates a shift in Indian agriculture from cereals-based production pattern to other high-value based production pattern. However, Simpson Index for Diversification (SID) indicates that the average national SID for all agricultural enterprises is 0.83 which spans from 0.60 for Punjab to 0.89 for Karnataka. Relating it to farm level situation, the primary survey in Banka and Bhagalpur districts of Bihar has been carried out in 2016-17 to find out the impact of agricultural diversification on farm income with two-stage least square technique (2SLS). Empirical analysis has suggested that diversification of farm by adopting ancillary, horticulture and other HVE like mushroom, etc. will increase farm income.

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Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. (An 27) was shown to be a promising biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. sp. melonis Sny. and Hans., which causes muskmelon wilt. Fruit wastes, such as carrot waste, citrus peels and pomace, mixed fruit pomace, and pineapple peels and pomace, proved to be a promising and cheap alternative source for mass multiplication of A. niger. These wastes are readily available throughout the year and can replace some of the highly priced media used for mass production of biocontrol organisms. Citrus pomace extract (20%) was found to be an excellent liquid medium for mass production. In solid fermentation, fruit wastes were superior to other media used as substrates. A short period of 10 days of incubation was sufficient for the production of 108 colony forming units (cfu) per gram of the material. The extent of control achieved by the seed coating formulation (FSC) was at par with Carbendazim. Formulation for soil application (FSO), a new contribution to the formulation science, could reduce Fusarium wilt disease by 78.31%, when applied at the rate of 8 g/kg of soil. Both FSC and FSO formulations can be stored at room temperature (14–35 °C) for more than a year.

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