BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The traditional paradigm has regarded essential tremor (ET) as a benign disorder. However, recent clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathologic studies suggest that ET may be a progressive neurologic disorder. Based on clinicopathologic findings that cerebellum and its outflow are the key structures in ET and degeneration of gray matter in cerebellum is followed by consequent wallerian degeneration of white matter (WM) fibers, the aim of the present study was to investigate changes in anisotropy in patients with ET.

In the present study, the relationships between the structure and properties of a cryomilled Al-7.5 pct Mg alloy were investigated. The microstructure of the cryomilled Al-7.5 pct Mg alloy consisted of equiaxed grains with an approximate size of 300 nm. Thermal treatment had only a minor effect on microstructure, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results. The tensile behavior was characterized by high strength, high ductility, and low-strain-hardening. The tensile deformation was relatively uniform, with limited necking deformation, and fracture surfaces were characterized by microdimples. The variation of strain rates from 4 и 10 Ϫ4 to 4 и 10 Ϫ2 s Ϫ1 had an insignificant effect on tensile behavior. Comparison of compressive and tensile behavior revealed similar moduli and yield strengths, although the postyield behavior was markedly asymmetric. The present results indicate that grain-size effects, solid-solution strengthening, Orowan strengthening, and dislocation strengthening contribute significantly to the properties of a cryomilled Al-7.5 pct Mg alloy.

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This paper presents a novel methodology for the spatial power network planning problem based on the raster map in geographic information systems (GIS). Considering candidate lines and cell linkages, the proposed spatial power network planning model integrates the optimal electric line routing and the power network evaluation, with the objective of the minimum line investment cost. The network connectivity with candidate line routes and the hourly network evaluation for peak power loads are considered to ensure the feasibility of the line path and the security of power systems. The derived mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem by integer algebra techniques. Furthermore, in order to improve the computational efficiency, a tighter MILP formulation with the proposed enhanced line routing constraints is proposed. Numerical case studies illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the spatial power network planning problem.Index Terms-Geographic information systems, mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), power distribution planning, power transmission planning, routing.