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To overcome the drawback of low electrical conductivity within supercapacitor applications, several surfactants are used for nanoscale V2 O5 to enhance the specific surface area. Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and Pluronic P-123 (P123) controllers, if used as soft templates, easily form large specific surface area crystals. However, the specific mechanism through which this occurs and the influence of these surfactants is not clear for V2 O5 ⋅H2 O. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of crystal growth through hydrothermal processes and the pseudocapacitive behavior of these crystals formed by using diverse surfactants, including PEG-6000, SDBS, and P123. Our results show that different surfactants can dramatically influence the morphology and capacitive behavior of V2 O5 ⋅H2 O powders. Linear nanowires, flower-like flakes, and curly bundled nanowires can be obtained because of electrostatic interactions in the presence of PEG-6000, SDBS, and P123, respectively. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of these powders shows that the nanowires, which are electrodes mediated by PEG-6000, exhibit the highest capacitance of 349 F g(-1) at a scan rate of 5 mV s(-1) of all the surfactants studied. However, a symmetric P123 electrode comprising curly bundled nanowires with numerous nanopores showed an excellent and stable specific capacitance of 127 F g(-1) after 200 cycles. This work is beneficial to understanding the fundamental role of the surfactant in the assisted growth of V2 O5 ⋅H2 O and the resulting electrochemical properties of the pseudocapacitors, which could be useful for the future design of appropriate materials.

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Dendritic Ni(Cu)-polypyrrole hybrid films are fabricated for a pseudo-capacitor in a unique morphology using two simple methods: electro-deposition and electrochemical de-alloying. Three-dimensional structures of porous dendrites are prepared by electro-deposition within the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at a high cathodic potential; the high-surface-area structure provides sufficient redox reactions between the electrodes and the electrolyte. The dependence of the active-layer thickness on the super-capacitor performance is also investigated, and the 60 μm-thick Ni(Cu)PPy hybrid electrode presents the highest performance of 659.52 F g(-1) at the scan rate of 5 mV s(-1). In the thicker layers, the specific capacitance became smaller due to the diffusion limitation of the ions in an electrolyte. The polypyrrole-hybridization on the porous dendritic Ni(Cu) electrode provides superior specific capacitance and excellent cycling stability due to the improvement in electric conductivity by the addition of conducting polypyrrole in the matrices of the dendritic nano-porous Ni(Cu) layer and the synergistic effect of composite materials.