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The sample pretreatment method for the determination of four typical artificial sweeteners (ASs) including sucralose, saccharin, cyclamate, and acesulfame in soil by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was optimized. Different conditions of extraction, including four extractants (methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, deionized water), three kinds of ionic strength of sodium acetate solution (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mol/L), four pH values (3, 4, 5 and 6) of 0.01 mol/L acetate-sodium acetate solution, four set durations of extraction (20, 40, 60, 120 min) and number of extraction times (1, 2, 3, 4 times) were compared. The optimal sample pretreatment method was finally set up. The sam- ples were extracted twice with 25 mL 0.01 mol/L sodium acetate solution (pH 4) for 20 min per cycle. The extracts were combined and then purified and concentrated by CNW Poly-Sery PWAX cartridges with methanol containing 1 mmol/L tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane (Tris) and 5% (v/v) ammonia hydroxide as eluent. The analytes were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The recoveries were obtained by spiked soil with the four artificial sweeteners at 1, 10, 100 μg/kg (dry weight), separately. The average recoveries of the analytes ranged from 86.5% to 105%. The intra-day and inter-day precisions expressed as relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 2.56%-5.94% and 3.99%-6.53%, respectively. Good linearities (r2 > 0.995) were observed between 1-100 μg/kg (dry weight) for all the compounds. The limits of detection were 0.01-0.21 kg/kg and the limits of quantification were 0.03-0.70 μg/kg for the analytes. The four artificial sweeteners were determined in soil samples from farmland contaminated by wastewater in Tianjin. This method is rapid, reliable, and suitable for the investigation of artificial sweeteners in soil.

Sorption of four ionizable organic amines, nhexylamine, trimethylamine, 1-naphthylamine, and phenylamine, on a soil sample were measured, and their effects on the sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) to the same adsorbent were studied. The aim of this study was to better clarify sorption mechanisms of chemicals with different polarity and ionization characteristics in a single-solute system and in a polar/nonpolar binary system. In the single system, cationic organic amines exhibited greater sorption than those in a neutral form, and the sorption increased with hydrophobicity for amines with the same form. In the binary system, the sorption of PHE was promoted in the presence of nhexylamine and the solid-water distribution coefficient (K d ) increased with increasing amine concentrations. This may be explained by the elevated amount of hydrophobic organic sites provided by the head-on adsorption of cationic n-hexylamine to the negatively charged sorbent surface, which are probably more favorable for the sorption of PHE compared with natural organic matters. Contrarily, the neutral amine, 1-naphthylamine, might compete with PHE for the mutually available hydrophobic sites and hence inhibited PHE sorption.On the other hand, both trimethylamine and phenylamine had little effects on PHE sorption due to their relatively high solubility and weak hydrophobicity. Therefore, either in single or binary system, both the form and the solubility/hydrophobicity of the compound play important roles in the sorption of ionizable organic amines and their effects on the sorption of nonpolar cosolute.