A basic ionic liquid, 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium hydroxide ([bmIm]OH), has been introduced as a catalyst and reaction medium for the Markovnikov addition of N-heterocycles to vinyl esters under mild conditions. The evidence for the role of this basic ionic liquid [bmIm]OH in promoting the Markovnikov addition has been given. On the basis of the evidence, a mechanism was postulated.

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A novel enzymatic, promiscuous protocol for Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B)-catalyzed carbon-sulfur bond addition is described. Some control experiments have been designed to demonstrate the catalytic specificity of CAL-B. Selectivity between anti-Markovnikov addition and Markovnikov addition was achieved in different organic media. A series of thioether-containing ester functional groups was synthesized under the catalysis of CAL-B at 50 8C. All the products were characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR, ESI-MS).

N-methylimidazole, a molecular solvent, but also, in cationic form, a component of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C(n)MIM]+) ionic liquids, showed promise as an additive in accelerating remarkably transesterification catalyzed by lipase acrylic resin from Candida antarctica (CAL-B).