Bulky N-substituents of 4-(hexyloxy) phenyl-substituted and 4-(hexylthio)phenyl-substituted triphenylamine (TPA) were successfully introduced into double-anchored phenothiazine (PTZ) dyes (TY1−TY3) as capping moieties for metal-free organic sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Among TY dyes, the N-substituent of 4-(hexyloxy)phenylsubstituted TPA provided the best steric matching to its doubleanchored PTZ dye having a small π-bridge of thiophene (TY1) and thereby facilitated the most compact dye packing as well as formed the most integrated shelter layer on the TiO 2 surface. Effective dark current suppression supported by TY1 resulted in a good DSSC performance of 10.47% at 1 sun and 21.2% at 1 klux (Philips T5 lamp) with the presence of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) as the co-adsorbent; this cell efficacy was higher than that of the reference N719-based (9.10% at 1 sun) and HL5-based DSSCs (8.34% at 1 sun).
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