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We provide a comprehensive review of the challenges and emerging technologies for WBANs: Wireless Body Area Networks. We describe leading applications and the tiers of the WBAN architectures, itemizing their major design areas. A succinct review of solutions, progress and possible future research in the areas of sensors, power and radio hardware components, the network stack, localization and mobility techniques, security and privacy, and of certification and standardization follows. We finally make the connection between WBANs and the fast growing research field of Cognitive Radios, which help establish efficient wireless transmissions in an increasingly crowded radio spectrum.

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