Leishmaniasis belongs to the parasitic communicable zoo noses, caused by members of Leishmania species.The infected phlebotomies sand fly carries the parasites, which cause the different forms of disease. Retrospective/prospective review of records for documented cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in period from 1992 to 2012 in Montenegro shows 83 diagnostic cases, and 1 (1.20%) case with dermal leichmaniasis. with 3 (3.61%) deaths cases. Analyses of age show: 36 (43.37%) children and 47 (56.63%) adults. Examinations are based on epidemiological, clinical, hematological, patohystological and serological investigations. Infection can be sub-clinically or clinically manifested with acute, sub-acute, and chronic type. Incubation in clinically manifested infections ranges from several weeks to several months. In our study, the prevalence of general infective syndrome is registered in all of 83 manifested cases (100%). Enlarged spleen in 79 (95.18%) cases, enlarged liver in 37 (44.57%) cases, anemia in 49 (59.04%) cases, pancytopenia in 32 (38.55%) cases, and increased activity of serum aminotransferases in 37 (44.57%) cases. The diagnosis was confirmed by an analysis of bone marrow biopsy material by direct microscopy of serial sections colored by Romanowski and Giemsa s staining, and by immune-biochemical methods. Serological diagnostic is confirmed by using agglutination test. In Montenegro (in humans and dogs) two types of leishmania (L) (L. donovani, L. infantum were presented). As to therapy treatment, the common treating is with antimony drugs: glucantime is relatively satisfactory for a long time. During 2008 there were registered cases not responding to the therapy and those were manifested with relapses after therapy. In the first line of therapy, we used meglumine antimony (Glucantime) in 78 (93.97%) patients. Resistence developed in 7 (8.97%) during treatment, and relapse occurred in 5 (6.41%) patients. It was 1 (1.20%) patient treated with Miltefosine the one who had a relapse, and with Amphotericin B (Ambisome) 4 (4.82%) patients.

No abstract

Vector borne transmissible zoonoses are becoming more and more important in the group of emerging and reemerging infections. We present the characteristics and actuality of this group of infectious diseases in Montenegro for the period 1998 -2011. In examinations, standard epidemiological, clinical, serological, pathohistological diagnostic methods are employed. Natural conditions in Montenegro make it an important endemic area for more vector borne transmissible zoonoses. The changes of ecological characteristics, the vectors and infective agents, present the accidence for expansion and increasing importance of these infections in national pathology. According to the fact that it is an international port of nautical, continental and air traffic, Montenegro has responsibility for control and management of diseases belonging to the group of the travel and tropical diseases.

Background: Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) still represent a significant medical problem. Diagnosed in a timely manner is an essential condition for a favorable course and outcome of disease. Osmolality of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) change in various CNS diseases can be important for early and differential diagnosis.Methods: A prospective study sample (n = 160) distributed according the etiology in 8 groups: 1. Purulent bacterial encephalitis (PBE), 2. Purulent meningitis (PM), 3. Tuberculous meningitis (TM), 4. Viral encephalitis (VE), 5. Viral meningitis (VM), 6. Neurological disease (N: Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis) 7. Neurosurgical disease (NS: subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain tumors), 8. Meningismus (M: control group). The outcome of the disease were divided into 3 groups: healed, recovered and deaths. Osmolality of plasma and CSF were determined by osmometry in regard to the freezing-point depression.Results: The average age of the examined sample of patients was 33.42 years +/-21.19. 53.2% males and 46.8% females. Observing outcome showed cure in 60% of patients, 20.2% were recovered patients and 19.8% died. Determined mean value of blood osmolality and CSF in patients with PBE (282.95, 281.35 mOsm/kg),

No abstract