The use of truffles in Poland has a long tradition, yet due to some historical aspects, this knowledge was lost. Currently, truffles and truffle orchards are again receiving attention, and thanks to, e.g., historical data, they have solid foundations to be established. Publications relating to truffles between 1661 and 2017 were searched for in international and national databases, such as the database of PhD theses, Google Scholar, and catalogues of the National Library of Poland, the Jagiellonian Digital Library, the University Library of J. Giedroyc in Bialystok and the Lower Silesian Digital Library (DBC). A very meticulous survey of the literature on truffles showed that truffles have been known since at least 1661. In the 18th century, the fungi were considered a non-timber forest product. It is interesting to mention the impact of Polish Count Michał Jan Borch in understanding the nature of truffles. The whitish truffle (Tuber borchii) is named after him. The greatest number of publications regarding truffles can be observed at the first half of the 19th and 20th centuries. The fungi were present not only in cookbooks but also in scientific literature, and aspects of their ecology and medicinal use are considered. The “dark ages” for truffles, mainly for social reasons, occurred after the Second World War. In tough times, when Poland was under Soviet communist control (1945–1989), truffles as a luxurious product have been completely forgotten. However, at the end of the 20th century, truffles started receiving attention in Polish society. Yet, the real awakening began in the first decade of the twenty-first century when the first truffle orchards were established. One of them has already produced the first fruit bodies of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum). Truffles have been present in Polish culture for centuries. Their renaissance indicates the need for fostering sustainable agroforestry-centred initiatives aimed at helping truffle growers in growing the precious fungi and thus meeting market demands.
While the use of truffles in Poland has a long tradition, for historical reasons this knowledge was almost lost. Currently, truffles and truffle orchards are again receiving public attention. For example, the Polish State Forests supported the establishment of truffle orchards by the Forestry Research Institute. In recent years, knowledge concerning these unique hypogeous fungi has been disseminated systematically through scientific and popular publications, films, and electronic media. This study investigates the awareness of economically and culinary valued truffle fungi (Tuber spp.) among more than 1400 Polish foresters. The results show that 70% of interviewees were familiar with historical and contemporary information about growing and using truffles in Poland. Based on respondents’ age, education, type of work, and gender we attempted to identify whether these elements were associated with the state of knowledge about truffles. The results indicated that younger foresters were better informed about the presence of truffles in Poland and also about their use in the past in Polish cuisine. Environmental education was an important source of knowledge about truffle harvesting and the soils that are conducive to truffle development. Foresters who have provided forest ecology education and who are 36–65 years of age generally possessed better knowledge about truffles than other age cohorts. More than 30% of respondents expressed interest in educational courses to improve their knowledge of truffles. The results point to the need for forestry education concerning truffles and indicate the need for fostering sustainable agroforestry-centered initiatives disseminating this knowledge to the public.
w październiku 1920 r. przez oddziały generała Lucjana Żeligowskiego stworzyło jedną z najbardziej skomplikowanych kwestii polityki zagranicznej międzywojennej Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, a jego ocena w oczach historyków polskich i litewskich do dziś nie jest jednoznaczna i budzi okresowe emocje. Trudno jest nawet z perspektywy dziewięćdziesięciu lat nie przyznać części racji argumentom obydwu stron. Z perspektywy idei politycznej Józefa Piłsudskiego odbicie Wilna i utworzenie z okalających go ziem państewka o nazwie Litwa Środkowa mogło być krokiem przejściowym do realizacji koncepcji wielkiego państwa federacyjnego-spadkobiercy Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Ponadto jesienią 1920 r. miało ochronić tę okolicę przed zakusami bolszewickimi, a w ujęciu metaforycznym "wyratować" przed utratą krainę dzieciństwa Piłsudskiego i Żeligowskiego 1. Niemniej jednak z punktu widzenia Litwinów utożsamiających Wilno (a raczej Vilnius) z kolebką swojej państwowości i historyczną stolicą Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, "bunt Żeligowskiego" był niczym więcej jak zamachem na narodowe sacrum i ostateczną przeszkodą na drodze do pojednania obu narodów 2. Następstwo kolejnych wydarzeń, tj. uchwała Sejmu Litwy Środkowej o przyłączeniu się do Rzeczypospolitej czy zapis w każdej kolejnej Konstytucji Republiki Litwy, począwszy od 1928 r., iż stolicą państwa jest Vilnius, utwierdzało jedynie powagę problemu. Bezowocne próby mediacji poprzez 1
Artykuł traktuje o Litewskim Muzeum Wojska w pierwszym okresie jego funkcjonowania jako placówce, która stała się centralną instytucją muzealną niepodległego państwa litewskiego. Dotyczy pierwszego okresu kształtowania się instytucji, tj. przed nadaniem jej imienia patrona-Witolda Wielkiego oraz przed budową nowego gmachu, który umocnił miejsce muzeum w przestrzeni kulturalnej miasta i państwa.
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