ObjectivesAlthough potential adverse effects of lithium treatment on renal and endocrine systems have been extensively investigated, most prior studies are limited by selected populations and short follow‐up.MethodsWithin the Psychiatric Services of the Central Denmark Region, we identified all patients with bipolar disorder and ≥1 serum‐lithium (se‐Li) measurements between January 1, 2013, and July 20, 2022, and reference patients with bipolar disorder matched on age, sex, and baseline creatinine. Outcomes were diagnoses of renal, thyroid and parathyroid disease, and blood tests measuring creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium. Analyses included unadjusted multilevel regression to describe changes in biochemical markers, and adjusted Cox regression to compare rates of disease/biochemical outcomes between lithium users and reference patients.ResultsAmong 1646 lithium users (median age 36 years, 63% women) and 5013 reference patients, lithium users had decreasing TSH and eGFR, stable PTH, and increasing calcium levels over time. Lithium use was associated with increased rates of renal, thyroid and parathyroid disease, and levels of biochemical markers outside normal ranges (hazard rate ratios: 1.07–11.22), but the absolute number of severe outcomes was low (e.g., chronic kidney disease: N = 10, 0.6%). Notably, the rate of blood testing was substantially higher among lithium users than among reference patients (e.g., mean number of creatinine tests during the second year of follow‐up: lithium users = 2.5, reference patients = 1.4).ConclusionsSeverely adverse renal and endocrine outcomes are rare during lithium treatment. Observational studies of long‐term lithium treatment are prone to detection bias.

Background: Literature is sparse regarding disease related malnutrition (DRM) among patients with pulmonary fibrosis. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of unintended weight loss (UWL) within three months, reduced food intake (RFI) within the past week, and associations to nutrition impact symptoms (NIS), in an outpatient population of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: The prevalence of UWL and NIS were sought in a cross-sectional questionnaire study, consecutively including a convenience sample of 100 patients, as they visited the outpatient clinic. Medical records were sought for time from diagnosis and comorbidities. Associations were examined through Chi square and simple logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 100 included patients, 66% were male, mean age was 68.1(SD 12.9), and BMI was 27.9 (SD 5.9). UWL was found in 18 (18%) with a mean weight loss of 6.2 Kg (SD 3.9), 16% had RFI and 7% had both UWL and RFI. Patients with RFI and NIS had higher odds for UWL. Women, no education and living alone were the most associated risk factors for UWL. Conclusion: UWL was seen in almost one fifth of pulmonary fibrosis outpatients. Patients with NIS and RFI had higher odds for UWL. UWL seems feasible for initial nutritional risk screening in pulmonary fibrosis outpatient clinics, and may serve as an indication for the need for full screening and assessment.