With links to so many serious diseases, the importance of controlling oral bacteria is clear. The dental intervention for periodontal disease typically includes mechanical removal of the plaque biofilm and/ or surgical procedures in advanced cases. Scaling and root planning are currently the gold standard of non-surgical care for chronic periodontitis. In addition, the application of antimicrobials has been shown to be effective in improving probe depth measurements, and clinical attachment levels compared to mechanical cleaning alone [20]. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is commonly used as a major component in mouth rinses to reduce gingival infections. At high concentrations, it acts by damaging the bacterial cell wall, leading to bacterial death [21]. While there are studies indicating beneficial reductions of oral bacterial in response to CHX treatment [22], there are reports that rinsing with CHX has little or no long-term impact on oral health [20,23]. Other antimicrobial rinses include carbamide peroxide, which at high enough concentrations elevates the mouth pH to levels that are harmful to bacteria [24]. However, it can also cause a reduction in hardness of some of the tooth enamel areas, and is best known as a teeth-whitening treatment rather than as an antimicrobial agent [25]. Other commercially-available antimicrobial oral rinses are based on essential oils like eucalyptol, menthol, and thymol. Like studies on the other oral rinses, the results of studies on the antibacterial effects of essential oil products have also been mixed [26-28].
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