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This article tests recent ideas about the long-term economic development of China compared with Europe on the basis of a detailed comparison of structure and level of GDP in part of the Yangzi delta and the Netherlands in the 1820s. We find that Dutch GDP per capita was almost twice as high as in the Yangzi delta. Agricultural productivity there was at about the same level as in the Netherlands (and England), but large productivity gaps existed in industry and services. We attempt to explain this concluding that differences in factor costs are probably behind disparities in labor productivity.

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This paper reports record unrepeatered transmission results using forward and backward distributed Raman amplifications, large effective area ultra-low loss fiber and enhanced ROPAs with additional pumping fibers. Coherent 100 Gb/s with PM-QPSK modulation format and OOK 10G transmission are demonstrated over 607 km (97.2 dB) and 632 km (101.0 dB), respectively.

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