X-ray spectroscopy reveals the presence of inter-band gap electronic states of egsymmetry in M:BiVO4(M = Mo, W) PEC anodes.

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A novel broadband chaos-based coherent binary phase shift keying (BPSK) communication system is proposed and it is demonstrated that its theoretical probability of error expression matches that of a conventional narrowband BPSK system. The result is confirmed with the corresponding empirical bit error rate (BER) simulation. Most importantly, it is shown that the proposed system outperforms the chaotic communication systems in terms of BER while also being more practicable. The proposed system thus holds high promise as the chaotic communication systems pose implementation difficulties, lack robust synchronisation techniques and are generally considered of academic interest only.