Introduction Although the prevalence of underweight is declining among Indian women, the prevalence of overweight/obesity is increasing. This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with underweight and overweight/obesity among reproductive-aged (i.e., 15–49 years) women in India. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2015–16 National Family Health Survey. The Asian and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended cutoffs for body mass index (BMI) were used to categorize body weight. The Asian and WHO BMI cutoffs for combined overweight/obesity were ≥ 23 and ≥ 25 kg/m 2 , respectively. Both recommendations had the same cutoff for underweight, < 18.5 kg/m 2 . After prevalence estimation, logistic regression was applied to investigate associated factors. Results Among 647,168 women, the median age and BMI was 30 years and 21.0 kg/m 2 , respectively. Based on the Asian cutoffs, the overall prevalence of underweight was 22.9%, overweight was 22.6%, and obesity was 10.7%, compared to 15.5% overweight and 5.1% obesity as per WHO cutoffs. The prevalence and odds of underweight were higher among young, nulliparous, contraceptive non-user, never-married, Hindu, backward castes, less educated, less wealthy, and rural women. According to both cutoffs, women who were older, ever-pregnant, ever-married, Muslims, castes other than backwards, highly educated, wealthy, and living in urban regions had higher prevalence and odds of overweight/obesity. Conclusion The prevalence of both non-normal weight categories (i.e., underweight and overweight/obesity) was high. A large proportion of women are possibly at higher risks of cardiovascular and reproductive adverse events due to these double nutrition burdens. Implementing large-scale interventions based on these results is essential to address these issues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41256-019-0117-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the differences in prevalence and factors influencing underweight and overweight/obesity stratified by region of residence among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh.DesignSecondary analysis of cross-sectional nationwide data.SettingThis study used Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014 data.ParticipantsA weighted sample of 16 478 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were included in the analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresUsing the Asian-specific cut-off for body mass index, the primary outcome of this study was categorised as: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 to <23.0) kg/m2and overweight/obese (≥23.0 kg/m2) stratified according to rural–urban residence.ResultsMore than half of urban women (53%, n=2493) and one-third of rural women (33%, n=3968) were found to be overweight/obese. Around one-fifth of rural women (21%, n=2490) and almost one in eight urban women (12%, n=571) were reported as underweight. In the final multivariable analyses, increasing age, higher educational status and higher order wealth quintile, each had a significant positive association with being overweight/obese and an inverse association with being underweight. Urban unmarried women had lower odds of being overweight/obese compared with their married counterparts. Rural women who used contraceptives had significantly decreased odds (adjusted OR (AOR) 0.8, 95% CI 0.7 to 0.9) of being underweight compared with contraceptive non-users; no such association was noted in urban women. Women from Sylhet division in both urban (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.5) and rural regions (AOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8) had increased odds of being underweight compared with women in Barisal division.ConclusionsThis study found association of multiple factors with both overweight/obesity and underweight among Bangladeshi women of reproductive age. Public health programmes in Bangladesh aiming to prevent the double burden of malnutrition should focus these factors through comprehensive public awareness and cost-effective operational health interventions.

IntroductionChildhood hypertension is associated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease during adulthood. This study estimated the prevalence of hypertension and high blood pressure among children aged 8 to 17 years in the United States per the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guideline and compared that with the 2004 National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH/NHLBI) guideline’s prevalence estimate during 2005–2008 and 2013–2016.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. High blood pressure included hypertension and elevated blood pressure (per the 2017 AAP guideline)/prehypertension (per the 2004 NIH/NHLBI guideline).ResultsThe analysis included 3,633 children in 2005–2008 and 3,471 children in 2013–2016. Per the 2004 NIH/NHLBI guideline, 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3%–4.3%) had hypertension in 2005–2008 and 1.9% (95% CI, 1.4%–2.6%) had hypertension in 2013–2016. Per the 2017 AAP guideline, prevalence was 5.7% (95% CI, 4.6%–7.1%) in 2005–2008 and 3.5% (95% CI, 2.7%–4.5%) in 2013–2016. About 2.5% (95% CI, 2.0%–3.1%) children in 2005–2008 and 1.5% (95% CI, 0.9%–2.0%) children in 2013–2016 were reclassified as hypertensive. We observed a similar change in prevalence for high blood pressure after application of the new guideline. The prevalence of high blood pressure also declined from 2005–2008 to 2013–2016 per both guidelines.ConclusionAlthough the new guideline would reclassify a small proportion of children as having hypertension or high blood pressure, the prevalence declined from 2005–2008 to 2013–2016.

Prior research examining postmarketing safety-related regulatory actions have focused on new molecular entity (NME) drugs and has not addressed therapeutic biologics. WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS?  This study examined the association between regulatory and review characteristics and postmarketing safety-related regulatory actions (e.g., withdrawals and updates to safety-related sections of the labels) in new therapeutic biologics (NTBs) and compared the results with these associations in NMEs. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOW-LEDGE?  At least one safety-related label update was added to the label of the majority of NTBs. Label updates occurred throughout the follow-up period. Time to the first safety-related regulatory action was shorter for NTBs approved under accelerated approval using a surrogate end point than for those that were not. The occurrence of safety events was higher among NTBs compared with NMEs. NTBs also had shorter time to safety events than NMEs. HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMA-COLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE?  Our analysis demonstrated the need to have a robust safety surveillance system throughout a product's lifecycle with consideration for product type and characteristics.

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