Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that live inside plants, establishing a mutualistic relationship, where both benefit from this interaction. They require protection and nutrients from host plants, and in return fungi can contribute to host's growth and nutrient uptake. In addition, they can improve plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses and increase plant resistance to insects and pests. Endophytic fungi produce bioactive compounds similar to those of the host plant. The economic exploitation of these bioactive compounds is much promising. These bioactive products are related to sustainable production systems and to the development of new substances with strong pharmacological properties such as antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antiparasitic, antidiabetic and immunosuppressant, including response to resistant microorganisms. This study is a descriptive review, having as aim to approach the main benefits of endophytic fungi for host plants, as well as the biotechnological application of the bioactive compounds produced by them. The prospection of endophytic in extreme environment could result in discovery of new bioactive compounds with surprising potential for biotechnology area. So, the development of new research frontiers in this issue is indispensable for the sustainable exploitation of the great benefits that these microorganisms could provide to the science.

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A mastite é uma inflamação da glândula mamária causada principalmente por bactérias, sendo responsável por perdas econômicas significativas à pecuária leiteira. Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil da mastite em búfalas leiteiras e identificar os principais agentes causadores da infecção. Foram avaliadas 45 búfalas (Murrah × Jafarabadi). As búfalas com mastite clínica foram identificadas pelo teste da caneca de fundo preto, enquanto que a mastite subclínica foi detectada por california mastitis test (CMT) e contagem de células somáticas (CCS). Em seguida amostras de 50 mL de leite dos animais infectados foram coletadas e, posteriormente, realizada a identificação microbiológica por meios de provas bioquímicas. Os resultados mostraram que a mastite subclínica foi prevalente no rebanho estudado. No teste de CMT, 48,88% dos animais foram diagnosticados com mastite subclínica e 51,11% estavam sadios. Os quartos mamários posteriores apresentaram maior frequência de casos subclínicos (57,89%) do que os quartos anteriores (42,11%). A CCS detectou 73,33% de animais com mastite subclínica (CCS ≥ 400.000 células/mL) e 26,66% sadios (CCS < 400.000 células/mL). O leite com mastite subclínica apresentou a maior média de CCS (51,3 × 103 células/mL) do que o leite sadio (23,9 × 103 células/mL). A bactéria isolada com maior frequência foi do gênero Staphylococcus spp. (35,29%), seguido por Streptococcus spp. (20,00%), Escherichia coli (6,35%) e Mycoplasma spp. (4,54%). Portanto, melhorias nos cuidados sanitários para o controle da mastite subclínica em búfalas deve ser realizadas. Mais pesquisas sobre mastite em búfalas devem ser realizadas, visando auxiliar os programas de controle da mastite em búfalas.

Infrared thermography has become increasingly promising in veterinary medicine, for being a non-invasive method for detecting body thermal variation. The objective of this review was to elucidate some applications of infrared thermography and its importance on animal livestock. This tool can substitute conventional techniques for diagnosing diseases, inflammation and fever. The body temperature is an important indicator to diagnostics and to understanding physiological aspects due to the close relation between abnormal temperatures and inflammatory processes. Also, it can help monitor reproductive performance and identify more efficient animals, among other purposes. The measurement of infrared temperature allows identifying sick animals, before the appearance of clinical symptoms, making treatment and isolation faster and more accurate, enhancing the profitability and sustainability of the system. However, this tool has some limitations, such as the animal species and environmental factors. Thus, further studies are needed for the application of the thermographic on animal livestock.