The Transport System of the Recife Metropolitan Area is under change. As a subsidy to its change an efficiency analysis is done with the purpose of highlighting characteristics of the efficient systems. Nineteen transport systems are analyzed, twelve from several countries in Europe and seven from Brazil: nine from Europe and only one from Brazil were found efficient. These systems are characterized by very different power structure and tariff structure. Efficient ones adopted a more democratic power partition among communalities and established a more broad system of tariffs. Among other lessons it is suggested that RMR adopts a structure that allows a more equal partition of the several municipalities comprising the Metro Area including representatives of users groups like workers associations and syndicates. Also it should adopt a more flexible tariff systems giving advantages to usual users at the same time that decreases costs and improves the operational efficiency.
Programas de transferência condicionada de renda são políticas sociais correntemente empregadas para combater e reduzir a pobreza em diversos países. No curto prazo, esses programas visam aliviar os problemas decorrentes da situação de pobreza, sendo que, no longo prazo, o objetivo é investir no capital humano, quebrando o ciclo intergeracional da pobreza. Estudos têm sido realizados para avaliar os impactos desses programas sobre variáveis como freqüência escolar, trabalho infantil, gastos com alimentação, entre outros. Este trabalho avalia o impacto da transferência de renda do Programa Bolsa Família sobre os gastos com alimentos de famílias rurais. As estimações foram feitas com base no método de Propensity Score Matching (PSM), que corrige para o viés de seleção amostral. Os resultados mostram que o valor médio das despesas anuais para as famílias beneficiárias supera em R$ 246 os gastos totais das famílias não-participantes. Considerando que a média anual recebida por essas famílias é de R$ 278, pode-se inferir que 88% desse valor é utilizado para consumo de alimento. Portanto, o programa de transferência condicionada Bolsa Família exerce um impacto positivo sobre o consumo de alimentos dessas famílias selecionadas. Conditional income transfer programs are social policies currently adopted to reduce poverty in several countries. These conditional transfer schemes have a goal to alleviate some of the consequences of poverty in the short run and increase human capital in the long run changing the intergenerational poverty cycle. Several papers evaluate the impact of income transfer on school attendance, child work and food expenses, among others. This paper analyzes the impact of the Bolsa Família Program on food expenses of rural families. The Propensity Score Method was used to correct sample selection bias. Results show that annual food expenses increased 246 reais in relation to non participant families. Considering that average annual transfer to these families is 278 reais, it can be concluded that 88% of the transfer is expend in food products. Thus, Bolsa Família brings a positive impact on food consumption of the benefited families
Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a decisão de evasão de estudantes universitários, assunto ainda pouco entendido no Brasil. Ênfase é dada à relação entre renda, desempenho no vestibular, evasão e a probabilidade de tentar nova carreira em novo vestibular. Atenção também é dada ao efeito escola pública e cursinho pré-vestibular. Os resultados mostram que renda tem papel fundamental não só por proporcionar aos mais ricos melhores condições de estudo (escolas privadas, cursinhos), mas também por possibilitar ao aluno maior oportunidade de escolha da carreira que melhor se adeque as suas aptidões, favorecendo assim a permanência da desigualdade. The main objective of this paper is to understand university students' dropout decision, which is an area still not well studied in Brazil. Particular atention is given to the relationship between income, performance, dropout and the decision to re-take the exam in an attempt to switch careers. The effect of public schools and tutoring classes are also estimated. Results show that income not only provide the students with a better study environment (through private schools and tutoring classes) but also allow for the posibility of trying different careers until a better student-career match is made, favoring the persistence of inequality
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.