<p>Global change is altering where and when there is enough water for streams to flow. This leads to changes in where and when riverine sediments are inundated with an overlying water column, and affects the associated wet/dry dynamics those sediments experience. Previous work has shown that these changes in inundation and wet/dry dynamics have strong influences over biogeochemical rates, organic matter chemistry, and organismal ecology. For example, a global study of riverbed sediments showed that respiration rates increased up to 66-fold upon rewetting. A current knowledge gap is how respiration rates in re-wetted sediments compare to sediments that are consistently inundated, and what factors govern the effect-size of drying on respiration. To help address this gap we are conducting a manipulative laboratory experiment using sediments from the shallow hyporheic zone (~5cm into the riverbed). The sediments are being crowdsourced from across the contiguous United States to span a broad range of environmental conditions. The experiment has two treatments: one in which sediments are allowed to air dry and another in which sediments are kept inundated. In both cases sediments are constantly shaken to encourage aerobic conditions. After three weeks of these conditions, aerated water is added to both treatments to remove all headspace and oxygen consumption is measured over two hours using custom built oxygen optodes that provide data every two minutes. Results show that in some sites drying and re-wetting has almost no influence over respiration rates, but in other sites drying and re-wetting leads to dramatically lower respiration rates in air dried sediments compared to rates in consistently inundated sediments. These initial outcomes complement previous work showing that while respiration rates following re-wetting may be elevated compared to dry conditions, rates following re-wetting may not be elevated compared to rates in consistently inundated sediments. Combining insights from previous work and the current experiment can, therefore, provide an increasingly holistic understanding of the biogeochemical impacts of changes in where and when streams flow.</p>

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