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[eng] Nearly one in two French people moved house between the 1990 and 1999 census. Approximately one-third of these moves involved a change of département and over one-fifth a change of region. However, mobility is continuing to fall and is more marked over short distances (within a département). Migrations between départements, and especially between regions, are more intense at around 30 years old (age when the 1999 census was taken) than at the other ages. These migrations coincide with young people's entry into the world of work. The fact that children are leaving the parental home later is tending to set back the mobility of the under-40s. Increasingly surplus migratory balances since the 1975 census bear witness to the growing appeal of the West and South West regions (Atlantic regions). A characteristic trait of the 1990s is the renewed appeal of rural regions, aggravating the deficit in urban regions. The interregional population mix has slowed down except in the West and South West. Migrations of young adults play a key role in the population's redistribution among the regions. These migrations explain in particular the surplus (or deficit) of young children counted compared with the births recorded in each region during the period between the two censuses. A high turnover (new arrivais taking the place of departing individuals) means that only 15% of interregional movements really redistribute the population spatially. The participation of the départements in interregional trade, although highly varied within a given region, is generally fostered by the presence of a conurbation in their territory. This conurbation often plays a relay role (between the region's internal and external trade), except in highly urbanised regions where periurbanisation favours adjacent départements. Proximity, geographic complementarity and the redistribution of the Paris area's population combine to shape the main lines of the French migratory system. [ger] Zwischen den Volkszahlungen von 1990 und 1999 wechselte nahezu jeder zweite Franzose seinen Wohnsitz. Rund ein Drittel dieser Wohnsitzwechsel ging mit einem Umzug in ein anderes Departement einher, und bei mehr ais einem Fünftel mit einem Umzug in eine andere Region. Die Mobilität nimmt jedoch weiter ab, vor allem im Hinblick auf die kurzen Entfernungen (Mobilität innerhalb der Departements). Die Migrationen zwischen den Departements, insbesondere zwischen den Regionen sind im Alter von 30 Jahren (Alter bei der Volkszahlung von 1999) haufiger ais in den anderen Altersgruppen, denn sie fallen mit dem Eintritt der Jugendlichen ins Erwerbsleben zusammen. Das spatere Verlassen des Elternhauses verzögert im AlIgemeinen die Mobilität der unter 40jahrigen. Seit der Volkszahlung von 1975 verdeutlichen die zunehmend überschüssigen Migrationssalden, dass die Regionen des Westens und des Südwestens (Atlantikregionen) eine immer grössere Anziehungskraft auf die Bevölkerung ausüben. Merkmal der 90er Jahre ist, dass die landlichen Gebiete, die kein so grosses Defizit wie die stadtisc...

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The socio-demographic contrasts between the 13 new metropolitan regions are relatively small compared to those observed in other European countries. At the national level, territorial disruption occurs more within regions than between them.

Like most European and North American metropolitan regions, that of Paris has for several decades been subject to a set of transformations. These have concerned urban spatial structures (population deconcentration, dispersion of employment, and the growth of new economic poles in the peripheral area), but also the sociodemographic structure of the population (rise in female labour participation rates, increasing importance of a highly qualified high-earning population, etc), and individual behaviour (desire for homeownership as well as the renewed interest of affluent groups for city-centre living, etc). Increased daily mobility in general and commuting in particular cannot be explained without reference to these different phenomena operating at both the microlevel and the macrolevel. For example, the sociodemographic characteristics of individuals have a considerable influence on the probability of the individuals being able to work near their home (or to live near their workplace). Account also has to be taken of the residential strategies of individuals, which are in turn linked to social position and life-cycle stage: choosing a place of residence in the urban periphery, in particular, has an impact on commuting patterns. But we can only understand the effects of residential strategies on commuting by analyzing the structures of the Île-de-France region (and in particular the housing market and sociogeographical pattern of employment).