Significant differences for nurses and physicians were found on the sum-score level for psychological and social symptoms, but not for physical and functional symptoms. Family members rated the intensities of the symptoms generally higher than the patients. Suggestions for further analyses are presented and discussed.

Current enzyme studies on the biosynthesis of gallotannins with cell-free extracts from leaves of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.) revealed the existence of two new beta-glucogallin-dependent galloyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.-) that preferentially catalyzed the acylation of hexa- and heptagalloylglucoses. One enzyme was most active with the hexagalloylglucose, 3-O-digalloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloylglucose, to form the corresponding heptagalloylglucose, 3-O-trigalloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloylglucose. This polyester, in turn, was the preferred substrate for a second enzyme that catalyzed its conversion to higher substituted derivatives. This latter enzyme also displayed considerable affinity towards 2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloylglucose which was acylated to various hepta- and octagalloylglucoses. These recent findings, together with data from earlier reported related enzymes, allowed the presentation of a scheme that summarizes the major transitions in the biogenetic routes from 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose to complex gallotannins.

Abstract. Experience shows that it is not economically feasible to formally specify all parts of a system in an industrial applic~ttion. Either one already has a number of existing components which are trusted and therefore desirable for reuse, or components are so simple that there is no gain in formally specifying their behavior. In both cases it may be felt that it is not worth spending time on developing a detailed formal specification of the entire system. This raises the question what tools should be provided for the analysis of the entire system in which actual code is combined with specifications. In this paper we propose an approach which enables integration of code into a formal specification for prototyping facilities. The integration of code is supported by an extension to the IFAD VDM-SL Toolbox such that heterogeneous models can be interpreted.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGKlinische Studien zu Diabetes mellitus sind nicht nur entscheidend für die Zulassung neuer Arzneimittel. Sie testen auch etablierte Präventionsmaßnahmen und Therapieformen und schaffen neue Erkenntnisse zu Ursachen und Mechanismen der unterschiedlichen Krankheitsverläufe des Diabetes und seiner Folgen. Aktuelle Fragestellungen dazu bearbeiten die Partner des Deutschen Zentrums für Diabetesforschung (DZD) gemeinsam im Rahmen von Multicenterstudien. Unter anderem zeigen diese Studien, dass die Diabeteserkrankung, aber auch bereits Prädiabetes sehr heterogen sind. Diese einzelnen Subtypen haben spezifische Risiken für den weiteren Krankheitsverlauf und die Entwicklung von Komorbiditäten und Komplikationen. Das DZD sucht laufend Teilnehmer*innen für klinische Studien, die u. a. das individuelle Ansprechen auf innovative Lebensstil- und Arzneimitteltherapien prüfen.