Automobile industries are majorly based on petroleum-based fuels like petrol and diesel that create environmental hazards, a high carbon footprint, and creating serious health issues. To reduce the problem associated with fossil fuel utilization, the world is focusing on CNG-based energy solutions and developing the infrastructures for CNG. There is a need to transfer towards hydrogen fuel-based infrastructure in near future. The current focus to introduce a fraction of hydrogen with CNG in the existing fuel system is initiated here. Therefore, the utilization of biomass is taken into account for the production of high hydrogen-containing fuel to cut down the carbon footprint and environmental issues. Biomass residues such as Sun hemp, Pigeon pea, Mustard stem, Wheat straw, Dhaincha, and Vantulsi were slow pyrolyzed in a stepped manner to produce a hydrogen-rich clean fuel. Product gas (hydrogenrich CNG i.e., H-CNG) obtain by this pyrolysis process contains almost 40%-55% hydrogen and 10%-25% methane balanced with oxides of carbon depending on different biomass feedstocks. This study is also focused on the performance of 2kva HONDA Genset in terms of its running duration when obtained Bio-HCNG gas is used as fuel and a correlation is also developed between H 2 , CH 4 , ΔH (Change in Hydrogen wt. % during the process) and D (Duration for which Genset will run in minutes) i.e., D = -6.25 + 0.996ΔH + 0.3889CG for model 1 & D = -9.20 + 0.090ΔH + 0.6099H 2 + 0.1893CH 4 for model 2.

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Automobile industries are majorly based on petroleum-based fuels like petrol and diesel that create environmental hazards, a high carbon footprint, and creating serious health issues. To reduce the problem associated with fossil fuel utilization, the world is focusing on CNG-based energy solutions and developing the infrastructures for CNG. There is a need to transfer towards hydrogen fuel-based infrastructure in near future. The current focus to introduce a fraction of hydrogen with CNG in the existing fuel system is initiated here. Therefore, the utilization of biomass is taken into account for the production of high hydrogen-containing fuel to cut down the carbon footprint and environmental issues. Biomass residues such as Sun hemp, Pigeon pea, Mustard stem, Wheat straw, Dhaincha, and Vantulsi were slow pyrolyzed in a stepped manner to produce a hydrogen-rich clean fuel. Product gas (hydrogen-rich CNG i.e., H-CNG) obtain by this pyrolysis process contains almost 40%-55% hydrogen and 10%-25% methane balanced with oxides of carbon depending on different biomass feedstocks. This study is also focused on the performance of 2kva HONDA Genset in terms of its running duration when obtained Bio-HCNG gas is used as fuel and a correlation is also developed between H2, CH4, ΔH (Change in Hydrogen wt. % during the process) and D (Duration for which Genset will run in minutes) i.e., D = -6.25 + 0.996ΔH + 0.3889CG for model 1 & D = -9.20 + 0.090ΔH + 0.6099H2 + 0.1893CH4 for model 2.

The kinetic and mechanistic study of homogeneously Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidation of ampicillin by Cu(Bipy)2 2+ in alkaline medium have been conducted at 35 ± 0.1 ºC. Spectrophotometric titrations show that the stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:4 ([ampicillin]:[Cu(Bipy)2 2+] = 1:4). The first order kinetics is observed regarding [Cu(Bipy)2 2+] and [Pd(II)] however, less than unity order exhibited by [OH–]. On varying [ampicillin] and [bipyridyl], velocity of reaction remains unchanged. Reaction rate unaffected by changing ionic strength of the medium while with dielectric constant, it shows inverse relation. Various thermodynamic properties of reaction were calculated such as activation energy, activation entropy, etc. Oxophenyl acetic acid and 2-formyl-5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid were identified as reaction product. With the help of kinetic observation, spectrophotometric data an appropriate reaction mechanism and rate law derived for aforesaid reaction.