Our results indicate that antidepressant medication and stress management therapy are each modestly effective in treating chronic tension-type headaches. Combined therapy may improve outcome relative to monotherapy.

No abstract

Objective To determine if the addition of preventive drug treatment (β blocker), brief behavioural migraine management, or their combination improves the outcome of optimised acute treatment in the management of frequent migraine.

A conjunction error is a judgment that a conjunctive event is more likely than one of the marginal events comprising the conjunction. Previous research has demonstrated conjunction errors in situations in which marginal events arose from a common generating process. In Studies 1-3, conjunction errors were reliably induced in cases where marginal events resulted from unrelated processes. This suggests that conjunction errors can be produced by "formalistic" judgment procedures, by which probability judgments for conjunctions are derived from probability judgments for marginal events according to some combination rule. Protocols from Studies 2 and 3 also indicated that subjects use multiple judgment procedures, several of which are capable of yielding conjunction errors. One new procedure suggested by the protocols is formalized in a "signed sum model." In this model, an event's likelihood is represented by a positive number, a negative number, or zero, depending on whether the event is considered likely, unlikely, or neither, respectively. The likelihood value for a conjunction is the sum of those for the constituent marginal events. In Study 4, this model successfully predicted when some subjects made zero, one, or tW0 COnjUnCtiOn errors.

This survey describes the experiences of patients diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis, focusing on the issues of patient education and resources. A survey of 52 defined-choice and open-ended questions regarding the diagnosis and management of pulmonary fibrosis was delivered. A total of 1448 respondents comprised the study group. Two-thirds of respondents reported a clear lack of information and resources on pulmonary fibrosis at the time of diagnosis. Less than half of respondents reported they felt well-informed about treatment options, the role of supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and transplantation. These results suggest there is a substantial need for improved patient education regarding the diagnosis and management of pulmonary fibrosis.