The present study investigated the effect of flow conditions (temperature, agitators and stirring speed) on particle size reduction during the reconstitution process of milk powders. Images acquired with a granulomorphometer during reconstitution showed that the mixing system design had a strong influence on the course of the rehydration process. Laser light scattering data obtained for each temperature of reconstitution and agitator revealed that whatever the powder tested, the number of agitator revolutions required to achieve a given level of rehydration was constant and independent of the stirring speed. Kinetics of rehydration were shown to be much more sensitive to temperature than to stirring speed. Inversely, as expected, it was shown that granulation did not always improve rehydration time, depending on surface composition. This result revealed that both granulation/composition and flow should be considered in controlling the reconstitution process

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Over recent years, the solid dissolution rate in liquid has been the subject of intense and profitable scientific developments. This work aims to study the influence of hydrodynamics on the dissolution rate of solid in water. The impact of the mixing system design was also investigated. The dissolution process can be followed through several parameters. First, experimental results were validated by kinetic models based on mass transfer coefficients such as the Hixson-Crowell equation. The Weibull model and n-order model were also tested. Then, the dissolution time t d,x% was defined as the time needed to reach a given dissolution degree (X). Finally, the dimensionless dissolution number (N t d ) was defined and correlated with the Reynolds number. This correlation provides a more direct and simple link between operating conditions and process efficiency.

In this paper we propose an approach to enhance the adaptivity of an existing Website by plugging on top of it ("epiphyte approach") a recomme nde r system that displays additional tips and functionalities in a separate window. The recom men der system analyzes the way the user browses through the Website according to predefined prototypical ways of using the Website ("models of use") and then proposes information or functionalities that appear useful according to this model of use. Different models of use can be identified, each of them corresponding to a "logical extension" of the original Website. Associating an existing Website with such logical extensions therefore allows enhancing its adaptivity whilst (1) not modifying the original Website and (2) facilitating the evolution of the adaptive features as this only requires modifying the recom men der system. This approach can be used as an alternative and / or in association with other approaches related in the literature.

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