On January 20, 2023, the Nigerian Ministry of Health and other pertinent health organizations declared a diphtheria outbreak. As of Friday, 25 individuals had reportedly died in the case. The most affected group was children. One of the hardest-hit areas is Nigeria's northern state [1] .The precise number of incidents and fatalities has not yet been verified. Four of the 36 states that have been severely impacted by the outbreak are being monitored by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Nigeria, which has set up an emergency response. The objective of this correspondence article is to evaluate the epidemiological distribution of diphtheria in Nigeria. The etiology of diphtheria concerns "Corynebacteria," the species most harmful concerning Corynebacterium diphtheria, which creates poisons modulating a contagion of public health concern. Corynebacterium diphtheria is a gram-positive, noncapsulated, nonmotile, and club-shaped bacteria [2] . Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Corynebacterium ulcerans are 2 further noteworthy but uncommon strains.The paralysis of the soft palate and throat muscles, ulcerating skin lesions, and the membrane's expansion into the trachea and larynx, leading to airway obstruction and myocarditis, are all complications of diphtheria [2] . Diphtheria cases decreased from ~1,000,000 annually to an average of 6582 between 2013 and 2017 globally, thanks to the advent of the diphtheria toxoid (DPT) vaccine in the 1950s [2,3] . Beginning in the 1990s, Russia carried the largest global burden [2] . Like other African nations, Nigeria underreports cases. In 2011, there were 98 instances in

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Malawi’s deadliest cholera outbreak in two decades has killed over 643 people as the illness spread across the country’s entire southeastern region. According to estimates, roughly one-third of Malawi’s safe water sources are inoperable. According to reports, all shallow wells in Malawi, particularly those near oceans that frequently rain, are tainted with feces. Cholera detection relies mainly on the clinical identification of cases presenting with watery diarrhea with a confirmed positive culture test or a positive polymerase chain reaction. There are three oral cholera vaccines as follows; Dukoral ®, Shanchol , and Euvichol-Plus ® which are administered in two doses.

A massive upsurge in the number of measles cases has been recently reported from South Africa, with 382 confirmed cases spread across five regions: Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Free State, and North West. The number of daily cases has been growing, resulting in more throat swabs and blood samples being sent to the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and measles serology testing. A rapid response to control the outbreak has emerged. All parents and caregivers residing in South Africa have been urged to check their children’s and the populations’ measles vaccination status respectively. Plans for case management, and prevention of further spread, not only in the province but also to neighboring countries, will need external support and funding.

As the majority of Turkey is situated on the Anatolian plate between the East Anatolian Fault and the North Anatolian Fault, 2 prominent faults, it is regrettably placed in a location that is prone to earthquakes as a country in the Middle East [1] . It, therefore, came as no great surprise when, on February 6 and 20, 2023, Turkey was struck by 3 earthquakes of varying magnitudes-a 7.8 on February 6 and a 7.5 on February 20-producing over 200 aftershocks that affected the surrounding nations in a plethora of ways. As of March 7, 2023, the total confirmed loss toll of the disaster stood at 45,968 fatalities, 108,368 injuries, and 214,577 damaged buildings [1,2] . Naturally, there will be high rates of fractures, asphyxiation, acute respiratory failure, trauma, and hypothermia after an earthquake, particularly one of this magnitude. In overly urbanized cities, this has demonstrated the significance of immediate, short-term, and long-term medical care for those affected [3] .