Background  Tuberculosis has got high priority within the health sector as a major public health problem and directly observed therapy short course (DOTS) strategy has been planned to be implemented widely to control the disease and its management. Objectives  To assess knowledge of the patients’ on various aspects of tuberculosis and show the six mutually exclusive outcome of treatment regimen under directly observed therapy short course (DOTS). Patients and Methods  A prospective case follow up study has been carried out on 110 patients attending consultation clinic for Chest and Respiratory Diseases in Kirkuk, for the period from the 1st of April to 31st of December 2009.Tuberculous patients were followed up for the next six months period under DOTS program including two phases Results  Regarding knowledge of patients about routes of transmission and risk factors, there was statistically significant difference between different educational levels (P<0.05), the highest percentage being among secondary school level patients (28.6%). Occupation had a significant effect on patients’ knowledge on treatment regimen , in high score knowledge group (4-6) among students was 100%which was statistically significant. The outcome of treatment regimen was 99.1% treatment success (cure and completed treatment); 0.9% had relapsed and no unfavorable outcome was noticed. Conclusion  Overall knowledge of patients was low regarding routes of transmission, risk factors and treatment regimen.

Background and objectives: With the modern lifestyle of men and women and technological developments, many infertility risk factors have increased nowadays. Therefore, it is important to search for, prevent and manage these risk factors. This study aimed to explore the knowledge of men and women patients regarding risk factors of infertility in Duhok city. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 501 patients who attended one tertiary governmental hospital in vitro fertilization department and three primary health centers in Duhok city from 1st November 2019 to 15th February 2020. The data collection which included the interviewing questionnaire about the knowledge of men and women about infertility risk factors. These data were categorized into two sections. The first section ion about sociodemographic data. The second section is about infertility risk factors. The mean value of the total correct answers of the participants was considered the level of knowledge for male and female participants. Results: The age of the participants ranged between 18-70 years. The participants were males (53.7%) and females (46.3%). The overall knowledge about the risk factors of infertility was 50.51%. The participants reported that stressful life (77.8%), continuous use of anabolic steroids (67.3%), working in petrochemical industries (69.9%), and continuously wearing tight clothes can cause infertility (63.3%), and these results have statistically significant values. While they reported that continuous exposure to high light intensity (29.7%), prolonged standing (33.1%), continuous contact with chlorine in the swimming pool (30.9%), cosmetic products (24.2%), excessive chlorine in drinking water cause infertility (29.7%) and these results have no statistically significant values. Conclusions: This study showed that patients have an an acceptable level of knowledge about infertility risk factors.

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Objectives are to identify the frequency of non-melanoma skin cancer cases were registered at Hiwa hospital and to find out the association between cases and controls with their sociodemographic status and risk factors. A case control approach was used, by retrospective chart review of all non-melanoma skin cancer cases presented between 1st of January 2015 till 31st of December 2016 at Sulaimani Hiwa hospital from which 70 cases conducted   and 70 controls from Baxshen hospital. Data entered to Microsoft excel, analysed by SPSS V 21. Chi-square test was employed to assess the association between different variables, P value of 0.05 or less considered as statistical significant This study included 70 cases and 70 controls were age and gender matched,  most of the cases were in between age 56-70 years old, illiterate 39(55.7%),  jobless 26(37.1%), from urban area 45 (64.3%) , married 65 (92.9%). had sufficient income and barely sufficient. About (64%) of cases had squamous cell carcinoma and (36%) had basal cell carcinoma. Most of the cases had family history of skin cancer (11.4%), and 44 (62.9%) of cases had a history of more than 4 hours exposure to sun in a day and 36 (51.4%) of cases were with normal BMI. Most of the cases 32 (45.7%) with type (O) blood group, not smoking cigarette 51 (72.9%) and not drinking alcohol 69 (98.6%). This study showed a statistical significant association between non-melanoma skin cancer with level of education (P value =0.002), family history (P value = 0.02), time of exposure to sun light (P value of < 0.001) and BMI (p value = 0.001).  Skin cancer and cancer percentage were in increase pattern especially non-melanoma skin cancer, most of non-melanoma skin cancer cases were squamous cell carcinoma, with a significant association with level of education, income status, time of exposure to sun light, family history and BMI

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