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This article analyses the long-term performance of collective off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems in rural áreas. The use of collective PV systems for the electrification of small medium-size villages in developing countries has increased in the recent years. They are basically set up as stand-alone installations (diesel hybrid or puré PV) with no connection with other electrical grids. Their particular conditions (isolated) and usual installation places (far from commercial/industrial centers) require an autonomous and reliable technology. Different but related factors affect their performance and the energy supply; some of them are strictly technical but others depend on external issues like the solar energy resource and users' energy and power consumption. The work presented is based on field operation of twelve collective PV installations supplying the electricity to off-grid villages located in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. Five of them have PV generators as unique power source while other seven include the support of diesel groups. Load demand evolution, energy productivity and fuel consumption are analyzed. Besides, energy generation strategies (PV/diesel) are also discussed.

This paper presents a technical approach to the electrification of dispersed rural areas with the so‐called Solar Home Systems. Lessons learned from the past show not only problems and mistakes but also interesting positive points. The electrification of remote areas, with low‐density population and low energy consumption is still a problem to solve. Sustainability is a main issue addressed in all rural electrification assessment actions, together with financing of programs and systems. This work tries to advance in the knowledge on reliability and maintenance, planning and execution, in a dispersed rural electrification market. It is based on the 10‐year field experience in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. In the most dispersed areas of the province, there are about 3000 households plus a minor number of schools, churches, health posts, and community premises electrified with small individual photovoltaic systems from a decade ago. Most remarkable outcomes from a long‐term operation and monitoring action are summarized and analyzed in the following pages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la variable “¿Sabe leer y escribir?” captada en la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) del año 2017 para cuantificar y caracterizar a la población analfabeta en el Paraguay. La investigación es del tipo descriptivo, donde se realiza el análisis a partir del cruce de la variable “¿Sabe leer y escribir?”, con indicadores de pobreza y variables demográficas. Los resultados obtenidos dan cuenta de que el indicador toma relevancia cuando se realiza la clasificación de la población de 15 años y más, ya que existe un amplio porcentaje de esta población a la que le resulta muy difícil insertarse al mercado laboral. Además, pone en evidencia que un 56,4% de esta población está representada por las mujeres y que el grupo de personas de 30 a 64 años en condiciones de analfabetismo en el área rural, duplica a sus pares del área urbana. Al analizar las variables considerando el estatus de pobreza, del grupo de población analfabeta de 15 años o más, el 57,6% son no pobres y alrededor de 201.400 personas tiene un ingreso laboral con promedios por debajo del sueldo mínimo vigente (2017).