Evaluation of the function of heterotopic cardiac transplants has traditionally been accomplished by either manual palpation or serial biopsies. Both methods have drawbacks. Palpation can be difficult to differentiate a pulse from the graft versus a transmitted pulse from the native aorta. Serial biopsies, though accurate, require multiple laparotomies, leading to increased morbidity and possibly mortality rates. In this study we used an advanced telemetry system, consisting of an intra-abdominal implant, that was capable of continuously monitoring simultaneously several parameters of the transplanted heart and the status of the recipient. In a large animal model of heterotopic cardiac xenotransplantation (pig donor to baboon recipient), we implanted the device in 12 animals: 8 with and 4 without immunosuppression. We monitored and continuously recorded the left ventricular pressure (both peak-systolic and end-diastolic [LVEDP]), heart rate, and the electrocardiogram pattern of the transplanted heart as well as the temperature of the recipient. The left ventricular pressure proved to be the most valuable parameter to assess graft heart function. In the 4 nonimmunosuppressed cases, grafts were rejected acutely. In these cases, the end-diastolic pressure increased sharply and the heart stopped contracting when the difference between the systolic and the diastolic pressure decreased to <10 mm Hg. The earliest reproducible sign of rejection was an increased LVEDP. Among long-term survivors, the increase in diastolic pressure was gradual, indicating progressive thickening of the myocardium and decreased compliance of the ventricle. Six of 8 immunosuppressed animals died of other complications before rejecting the transplanted heart. The telemetry was also helpful to indicate early onset of fever in the recipients, thus allowing us to intervene early and prevent potentially lethal septic complications. Continuous monitoring of several parameters via telemetry allowed detection of changes associated with rejection as well as other complications at an early stage, allowing prompt intervention, treatment, and possibly reversal of rejection.Accurate determination of transplanted heart function in a pig-to-baboon xenotransplantation model is difficult and time consuming. The traditional means to evaluate heart function include palpation, ultrasound, biopsy, and laparotomy. These Address reprint requests to Muhammad M. Mohiuddin, MD, CSRP/NHLBI/NIH,

Bacteriological assessment is recommended to identify predominant bacterial species to be prepared to provide appropriate antimicrobial therapy in non-human primates that are expected to undergo stressful immunocompromising procedures.

Histologic examination supported traumatic injection neuropathy due to intramuscular injection.

Insignificant changes in the physiological parameters during monitoring suggest that the animals experienced no detectable pain or distress during irradiation.