Objectives: To assess the carbonate concentration in relation to calcium and magnesium concentrations and to determine TDS and sodium concentration in relation to other cations. The study's overall goal is to examine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation/agricultural purposes in Molakalmur Taluk of Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India. Methods: The current study was carried out to analyze the water quality and spatial distribution of physicochemical parameters of groundwater in study area. A total of 92 groundwater samples were collected during the pre-monsoon period; ArcGIS 9.2 was used to create a spatial distribution map based on a geographic information system. The concentrations of various ions like Ca +2 , K +1 , Cl -1 , Mg +2 , HCO 3 -1 , Na +1 , CO 3 -2 , and SO 4 -2 were evaluated as per BIS 3025 (2014) and compared to various irrigation standards like Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Percentage of Sodium (%Na), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Kelley's Ratio/Kelly's Index (KI), Permeability Index (PI) Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Total Salt Concentration, Chloride in irrigation water and integrated standards such as USSL and Wilcox diagram. Findings: During the pre-monsoon period, the majority of the samples in the study area fell into the hard to very hard water category. According to Evaluated water quality indices like SAR, MAR, PI, KI, SSP, Cl and total salt concentration around 5 to 15 percent water samples are not good for agricultural purpose and as per the integrated parameters like USSL and Wilcox the percentage samples that are unsuitable for irrigation is going up to 30 percentage due to presence of higher Electrical conductivity. Novelty: In the study region, there is no perennial river and the main ion chemistry of Molakalmur Taluk's groundwater has never been investigated before. The present work attempts to study the suitability of water for agricultural purpose. The findings of the study will aid in the collecting of crucial data on groundwater quality in Molakalmur Taluk. The findings of the study could also help groundwater managers and urban planners to restore and improve groundwater quality.

Objectives: To ascertain whether the groundwater in Molakalmur Taluk is suitable for human consumption and it is anticipated that the study will assist regulators and policymakers in taking the proper actions to provide the study area's population with safe domestic water. The study's overall goal is to examine the suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes in accordance to WHO and BIS standards. Methods: The current study was carried out to analyze the water quality and spatial distribution of physicochemical parameters of groundwater in study area. A total of 92 groundwater samples were collected in the study region for study during both pre-and post-monsoon monsoon period, ArcGIS 10.1 was used to create a spatial distribution map based on a geographic information system. The concentrations of various ions like Ca +2 , K +1 , Cl -1 , Mg +2 , HCO 3 -1 , Na +1 , CO 3 -2 , and SO 4 -2 were evaluated as per BIS 3025 (2014) and compared with BIS and WHO standards for drinking purpose. Findings: The Gibbs diagram shows that the two main elements that affect the chemical composition of groundwater are evaporation and rock-water interaction. Weathering of silicate minerals and carbonate minerals are the principal sources of carbonate and bicarbonates. Roughly 68% and 58% of the samples exceeded the permissible level of 500 mg/l for TDS.According to the interpretation of Piper's trilinear diagram, the majority of the water samples fell into the categories of mixed CaMgHCO 3 , MgHCO 3 , and CaCl 2 types, in that order of dominance. The plot shows that alkaline earths correspond to 75% of the samples. Novelty: The major ion chemistry of the groundwater in Molakalmur Taluk has never been studied, and there is no perennial river in the research area. The current investigation makes an effort to investigate if water is suitable for domestic purpose. The study's conclusions will help with the gathering of vital information on the condition of the groundwater in Molakalmur Taluk. The study's conclusions may also be https://www.indjst.org/ 516