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BackgroundArteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the urinary tract are extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, only three case of AVM of the ureter have been described in the literature so far.Case presentationWe present an additional, fourth case of an AVM of the ureter, clinically presented as asymptomatic haematuria and an obstructive process in the left ureter. Ureteroscopic evaluation revealed a fibroepithelial polypoid-like lesion in the proximal ureter. After biopsy showed a benign lesion, the lesion was treated with the 2-μm continuous wave (cw) thulium laser. Histopathological examination revealed a polypoid laesion caused by a circumscribed arteriovenous malformation. Almost four years after operation the patient remains asymptomatic and free of recurrence.ConclusionArteriovenous malformations of the urinary tract are extremely rare. We presented a fourth case of a arteriovenous malformation of the ureter.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12894-017-0237-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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This report presents a rare case of recurrent urinary tract infections in a kidney transplant patient. Analysis revealed a ureteral stump calculus 31 years after bilateral nephrectomy which was disintegrated by means of flexible ureteroscopy and holmium laser. In case of unexplained recurrent urinary tract infections and abdominal pain, urolithiasis in the ureteral stumps should be considered.

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