Flexible and transparent graphene films have been fabricated via chemical vapor deposition method, and an extremely thin and lightweight loudspeaker was obtained by transferring the graphene films on both side of the polyvinylidene fluoride film. Once fed by sound frequency electric field, the graphene-based acoustic actuator could emit loud sounds in a wide frequency range. Such film loudspeakers are transparent, flexible, magnet-free and can be tailored into any shape and size, which have wide potential applications in fabricating new type of transparent and flexible devices.

Conductive thin film residues often referred to as puddles could be challenging fails to detect. A large extant film with no distinct boundaries would make the task more challenging for a comparison between good and bad region. Advanced node 20nm and 14nm technologies mandate use of several conductive thin films in the front end of line processes, and hence a potential for high defects during initial product development stage. Use of other electrical characterization techniques in combination with scanning electron microscopy inspection will be a very powerful tool to detect the root cause affirmatively. Cross-sectional images are necessary to understand the root cause of the fails for corrective actions. This work uses three cases of power supply shorts as a platform to demonstrate the idea, demonstrating a few situations where traditional techniques might reach its limits while the authors depend on additional characterization tools to confidently detect and confirm fails.