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Specimens from 72 wild birds belonging in 8 orders and 14 species were collected. A total of 158 specimens that comprise 32 sera (20.3%) from 7 species and 126 tissues (79.7%) from 14 species were screened. Eight specimens (8/158, 5%), obtained from 4 individuals (4/72, 5.5%), were positive. West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 1 sequences were characterized in the spleen, heart, and kidney tissues from a lesser spotted eagle (Clanga pomarina), which distinctly clustered from sequences previously identified in Turkey. Toscana virus (TOSV) genotype A and B sequences were identified in brain and kidney tissues from a greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), a great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), and a black stork (Ciconia nigra), without successful virus isolation. Partial amino acid sequences of the viral nucleocapsid protein revealed previously unreported substitutions. This study documents the involvement of avians in WNV dispersion in Anatolia as well in TOSV life cycle.

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Acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the most common causes of death in diseases with septic shock.Oleuropein, one of the important components of olive leaf, has antioxidant and anti-in ammatory effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of oleuropein on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced ALI in rats. Oleuropein was administered to rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg for 20 days and LPS was given through intratracheal administration to induce ALI. The study was terminated after 12 hours. The results showed that in the group treated with oleuropein; in ammatory cytokines and oxidative stress decreased in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage uid (BALF), and lung tissue, and there were signi cant improvements in the picture of acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) caused by LPS in histopathological examination.Based on the ndings of the present study, oleuropein showed protective effects against LPS-induced ALI.