Metabolic diseases such as enzootic ataxia, white muscle disease, and white liver disease are among the most important problems of livestock for sheep. The aim of this study was to analyze whether tears can be used as an alternative diagnostic method in determination of diseases that result from lack or excess of copper, selenium, and cobalt. Samples of serum and tears taken from 45 healthy sheep of the Kivircik breed aged between 2 and 4 years were analyzed. The concentrations of copper, selenium, and cobalt were measured in serum and tears as 118.0 ± 36.0, 58.0 ± 15.0, and 0.5 ± 0.3 µg/dL and 16.0 ± 8.0, 7.0 ± 4.0, and 2.0 ± 1.0 µg/dL, respectively, by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The concentrations of copper and selenium in serum samples were significantly higher than those of tear samples (P < 0.001). However, cobalt concentrations in serum were found to be lower than those in tears (P < 0.001). As a result, the authors suggest that determining cobalt concentrations in tears may be a valuable alternative diagnostic method in the diagnosis of metabolic diseases of sheep, rather than determining the copper and selenium concentrations, which might not be as reliable.

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Background: Malignant mammary tumors in humans and bitches cause hematological disorders such as anemia, erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, hyperproteinemia, and leucopenia. Novel studies have been conducted on the predictive and prognostic values of platelet (PLT) indices in human breast cancer (HBC). However, there is little information about the alterations in hematological parameters in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). The aims of this study were to evaluate the platelet indices and complete blood count (CBC) parameters in bitches with and without mammary tumor and to assess the above mentioned parameters with regard to histological tumor types and grades.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 71 bitches were enrolled in this study. The bitches in the study group were divided into 2 groups which consisted of malignant epithelial mammary tumors (group EMT; n = 43) and malignant mixed mammary tumors (group MMT; n = 12). Control group (group C) consisted of clinically and gynaecologically healthy 16 bitches. Blood samples were obtained to perform the CBC and PLT indices analysis. Histopathological examinations were carried out under a light microscope. Histological tumor types and malignancy grades were classified. The bitches with mammary tumor showed significantly increased PLT values and decreased hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values versus the healthy ones, regardless of the tumor type. However, in comparisons with the group C, mean platelet volume (MPV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were different only in the group MMT, while plateletcrit (PCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values were different only in the group EMT. Also white blood cell (WBC), PLT and PCT values were higher than the referenced laboratory ranges in grade 3 tumors. In the presented study, MPV was considerably correlated with PLT, platelet distribution width (PDW) and PCT. Also, PCT and PLT had high sensitivity and specificity to distinct EMT and MMT from the healthy bitches.Discussion: Microcytic and hypochromic anemia occurs due to the decrease in the amount of HGB. Levels of MCV, MCH, and MCHC in the HBC group were reported to be significantly lower than in humans without breast cancer. Although anemia did not occur in EMT and MMT groups, obtained significances in the HCT, HGB, MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels between the bitches with and without mammary tumor were in line with the previous reports. In this study, WBC levels in grade 3 tumors were significantly higher than grade1 tumors (P < 0.05). Whereas levels of WBC in grade 1 and grade 2 tumors were in referenced laboratory ranges, it was higher in grade 3. Increased level of WBC in grade 3 was supposed to be due to the rise in malignancy as previously reported. Thrombocytosis was detected in 48.83% and 41.66% of the bitches in EMT and MMT groups, respectively. The higher percentage of CMTs with thrombocytosis in this study might be due to the difference in referenced upper limit of PLT in previous studies. The elapsed time between tumor formation and clinical presentation could be another influencing factor. Although PLT and PCT values were not significant according to the histological grading in this study, both parameters were found to be higher in grade 3 than the normal reference values. Further studies conducted with higher populations may lead the differences in these parameters to significance. With the support of further studies, alterations in the above mentioned parameters in bitches may contribute in the diagnosis process, management of treatment and may constitute an easy way to have an idea about the prognosis of mammary tumors.

Many stabled horses perform a variety of stereotypic behaviours such as cribbing, circling, wall kicking, self-mutilation, weaving and headshaking. It is difficult to know why exactly each horse performs these behaviours, there may be specific causal factors for these activities in the horse. Homeopathy can contribute to the treatment of these disorders, because it approaches the organism as the sum of the specific characteristics of an animal when it is in a state of health or illness, at the physical, mental and psychological level. The application of homeopathic laws during anamnesis allows us to achieve a deeper understanding of the horse, considering all its special characteristics. This study has been conducted with 17 horses showing one of the stereotypic behaviours of cribbing, circling, wall kicking and self mutilation. Homeopathic remedies are determined specifically according to the constitution and stereotypic behaviour problem of each horse. One month after the begining of the treatment, the symptoms of stereotypical behaviours were found to be decreased and after two months considerable regression were detected. Cribbing and self-mutilation were completely treated. Circling and wall kicking were decreased. To our knowledge, this study is the first report to cure the stereotypic behaviours of horses with using homeopathic remedies. This study suggests that homeopathy is as an effective therapy method which is used uncommonly in stereotypic behaviours of horses. Keywords: Horse, Stereotypic behaviours, Homeopathy Sterotipik Davranış Bozukluğu Gösteren 17 Atın Homeopati İle Tedavisi ÖzetAhırda bakılan atlarda yel yutma, ahırda dönme, duvar tekmeleme, kendine zarar verme gibi sterotipik davranış bozukluklarına sıklıkla rastlanabilmektedir. Atların bu tip davranış bozukluklarını yapmalarının sebebi tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, her atın kendine ait nedensel faktörleri olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Homeopati organizmaya, sağlık veya hastalık durumunda, fiziksel, zihinsel ve psikolojik düzeyde, hayvanın tüm karakteristik özelliklerini bir bütün olarak görüp yaklaşır. Vakanın geçmişe ait hikayesini alırken uygulanan homeopati prensipleri, bize davranış bozukluğu gösteren atı daha derin bir anlayış ile tanıma olanağı sağlar. Çalışmamız yel yutma, ahırda dönme, duvar tekmeleme ve kendine zarar verme sterotipik davranışlarından birini gösteren 17 at ile yapılmıştır. Homeopatik ilaçlar her at için özel olarak, atın yapısal özelliklerine ve sterotipik davranışına göre belirlenmiştir. Tedavinin birinci ayının sonunda, sterotipik davranışlarda azalma; ikinci ayın sonunda ise önemli bir gerileme ve iyileşme saptanmıştır. Yel yutma ve kendine zarar verme tamamen iyileşmiş; ahırda dönme ve duvar tekmeleme belirgin şekilde azalmıştır. Çalışma, tarafımızca yapılan araştırmalara göre, atlarda sterotipik davranışların homeopati ile tedavisinde bildirilen ilk rapordur. Bu çalışmada, atların sterotipik davranışlarının tedavisinde ender kullanılan homeopatinin etkili bir sağaltım yöntemi olarak kullanılabileceği...