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This study draws a holistic view of the supply chain with three service strategies – namely, after-sales service; maintenance, repair and operations; and the product-service system – by analysing over 71 articles in this field. In this investigation, the content analysis is used to scrutinize the research to establish the knowledge, reveal the research opportunities and propose research strategies. The supply chain for product-service system depends more heavily on the implementation of the cooperation, collaboration and integration principles in operation. However, a complete analysis reveals that those crucial principles did not embody in current literature. Current research also failed to discuss the service operation decisions by modelling the intricate relations among them in a broad product-service supply chain context. Thus, the future research directions include developing service demand forecasting models; combining the time-series methods and the causal methods; establishing service resource planning models; addressing the relations between service deliverables, service capacity and the service resource; and strengthening the quantitative evaluation of the product-service supply chain performance with a systemic view. Moreover, by addressing the principles of cooperation, collaboration and integration, the added values of this review are the proposed research strategies for integrated forecasting of product services, integrated product-service resource allocation and scheduling, and systematic performance evaluation of the product-service supply chain. The findings and the proposed research strategies develop an in-depth understanding of product-service supply chain applications and serve as a basis for future research.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate ultrasonography (US) in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and the association of US findings with its clinical characteristics.Methods: This single-center retrospective study evaluated US in AKI patients. A healthy control group was matched by sex and age at a ratio of 2:1 with the AKI group. The US characteristics were compared between the two groups. Results:The US characteristics of 111 patients with AKI were evaluated. Compared with the control group, AKI patients had greater kidney length and kidney volume (P<0.05). Patients with AKI also displayed thicker parenchyma than those in the control group, but only the difference in the right kidney was found to be significant. Of the 111 AKI patients, 38 had positive US findings including increased parenchymal echogenicity, increased renal resistance index (RRI), and hydronephrosis, while only 5 patients had increased RRI. The cause of AKI was attributed to obstructive nephropathy in eight patients.Conclusions: Although US evaluation indicated that most of the patients with AKI were "normal ultrasound imaging", abnormal findings beyond obstructive nephropathy were still detected in some cases.Aside from its ability to exclude obstructive nephropathy, US evaluation might hold further value. It was found that the kidney size of AKI patients is significantly larger than that of healthy controls. Kidney size combined with other ultrasound indicators could hold potential for the evaluation of AKI.

In recent decades, large-scale deployment of photovoltaic (PV) power leads to management challenges for recycling PV module waste in China.With the growth of waste PV volumes, it is necessary to figure out the spatio-temporal distribution of PV waste at the provincial level. Based on China's carbon neutrality goal by 2060, six development pathways of PV installed capacity are proposed to identify in-use stocks of PV capacity. In particular, we developed the retired flow estimation model for PV modules that is constructed by three PV module degradation scenarios. The results show that a relatively large scale of PV waste will be started to emerge in China by 2030 and the cumulative waste is expected to reach 1100 ∼ 1450 GW by 2060. Our findings also indicate an unequal distribution of PV waste across regions and the highest PV waste volumes by 2060 is the East China region at 31.4%, with Shandong (8.99%) and Hebei(8.65%) ranking as the top provinces. This prospective research will help the PV industry plan the location and capacity of recovery facilities at an appropriate time to advance toward a more resource efficient and circular economy.

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