The layer-by-layer technique is employed here to immobilize antigen-containing liposomes, so-called proteoliposomes, onto Au-interdigitated substrates, which are capable of molecular recognition of anti-pasteurellosis antibodies. Detection was carried out using a novel strategy entirely based upon capacitance measurements, and to enhance sensitivity, we combine the response of three different sensing units in a similar procedure used for taste sensors. With the three-electrode array immunoglobulin G (IgG) against pasteurellosis is detected at concentrations as low as nanograms per milliliter. Furthermore, because of the molecular recognition capability, a distinction can be made between specific and nonspecific IgG. The concepts behind the biosensors reported here may have a large impact for clinical tests, as the procedures to detect the antibody take only a few minutes and the biosensors are relatively low cost.

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