Besides being better known for causing motor impairments, Parkinson's disease (PD) can also cause many nonmotor symptoms, like depression and anxiety, which can cause significant loss of life quality and may not respond to regular drugs treatment. In this review, we discuss the depression in PD, based on data from studies in humans and rodents. Depression frequency seems higher in PD patients than in general population, despite high variation in data due to diagnosis disparities. Development of depression in PD seems more likely to be caused by the nigrostriatal pathway degeneration than as a consequence of the awareness of disease prognostic, and it seems to be related to dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotoninergic synapses deficits. The dopaminergic role could be more significant, since it can modulate the release of the others, and its depletion is progressive, due to the degenerative feature of PD. Highly regarded in major depression, serotonin can be depleted in rats after nigrostriatal damage, but data from human patients are more conflicting. Animal studies can help in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of depression in PD and the pursuit for more effective drugs for its treatment, but they lack the complexity of the disease progression, especially the nondopaminergic degeneration.
O Instituto Nacional do Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva -INCA adota como um dos protocolos de referência para o tratamento de câncer de próstata, na técnica de Radioterapia Tridimensional Conformada (3D-CRT), o uso da incidência do feixe de radiação em 4 ângulos, 0°, 90º , 180º e 270º . Com o objetivo de buscar reduzir as doses indesejáveis nos tecidos sadios do paciente, neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo considerando a utilização de ângulos de inclinação do gantry de 45º, 135º , 225º e 315º. Para isso, realizou-se uma modelagem computacional utilizando o código MCNPX no qual foi simulado um tratamento de próstata através desses novos ângulos de incidência. Os resultados obtidos na simulação deste protocolo foram comparados com o protocolo de referência do INCA sendo observada uma redução significativa nas doses nos tecidos sadios, adjacentes à próstata, quando se utiliza os novos campos estudados.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.