In the history of the Horn of Africa, Italian colonial rule came as a new chapter of a long history of foreigner rulers, conflicts, and translocal exchanges. Yet, Italian colonialism left long-lasting traces in the memory of the inhabitants of Eritrea, Somalia, and Ethiopia. The present contribution deals with citizenship policy in the territories of the Horn of Africa during Italian rule (1880s– 1940s). It centers on the racialized and instrumentalized form of citizenship, i.e., colonial subjecthood (sudditanza coloniale), created by the Kingdom of Italy to keep local colonial inhabitants outside of the metropolitan legal sphere. The basis for this differentiating policy was the Eurocentric assumption of a racial and cultural superiority of the colonizers vis-à-vis the colonized. Yet, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic differences kept existing in colonial society. The article examines the different meanings and contents colonial subjecthood assumed throughout the years of Italian rule and the reasons of those changes. Furthermore, it looks at how diverse members of local society faced the citizenship policy of the Italian colonizer and how they, if possible, tried to negotiate their legal condition on the spot.
Plant breeders in the Australian sugar industry conduct yield assessment trials each year to assess the yielding ability of clones in the sugarcane breeding programme. Several endemic diseases impinge on the yield of these clones and the tested clones vary greatly in disease susceptibility. In this study, resistance to the diseases orange rust and yellow spot was assessed in final stage trials in the Northern Queensland programme. Clonal yielding ability was related to disease resistance. The results indicate that both diseases, but particularly yellow spot, influenced the yield (tonnes cane/ha and tonnes sugar/ha) of clones in northern breeding trials in 2000. Yield loss estimates were calculated, as well as the relationship between resistance and yield. There was a high level of resistance to orange rust in clones in these trials but much less resistance to yellow spot; the resistance index or orange rust was 2.2 while for yellow spot it was 5.5. Yield loss resistance index values of 5.0 and above for orange rust suggest there is adequate resistance in clones to minimise losses from this disease. In contrast, the yield loss resistance index for yellow spot (tonnes cane/ha) was below 5.0, therefore, it is concluded that during the 2000 harvest season, there was inadequate resistance to minimise losses. The information gathered from this research will be used to determine the level of leaf disease resistance needed in commercial cultivars to optimise yielding ability. Such decisions should improve the efficiency of selection and the performance of commercial cultivars in the Australian sugar industry.
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Inhalt ai miei genitori VorwortDie Geschichte dieses Buches ist lang, und lang ist auch die Liste der Menschen und Institutionen, die zu seiner Realisierung beigetragen haben. Ihnen möchte ich meinen Dank aussprechen.Entstanden ist dieses Buch als geschichtswissenschaftliche Dissertation, die im Oktober 2017 an der Freien Universität Berlin abgeschlossen wurde. Den Gutachtern Dieter Gosewinkel und Oliver Janz sowie den anderen Mitgliedern der Prüfungskommission, Sebastian Conrad, Christoph Kalter und Paul Nolte, bin ich zu Dank verpflichtet. Die im Rahmen des Projektes durchgeführte Forschung ermöglichten großzügige Stipendien, für die ich überaus dankbar bin, wie das Elsa-Neumann-Promotionsstipendium des Landes Berlin und das Abschlussstipendium der Fazit Stiftung. Als Doktorand durfte ich nicht nur von der finanziellen Unterstützung des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom und des IEG-Leibniz Instituts für Europäische Geschichte in Mainz profitieren, sondern auch die anregende Arbeitsatmosphäre und den intellektuellen Austausch vor Ort genießen: Den Direktor-Innen, Michael Matheus und Martin Baumeister sowie Irene Dingel und Johannes Paulmann, danke ich sehr herzlich. Dank des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschsdienstes (DAAD) konnte ich im Jahr 2012 zwei Forschungsaufenthalte in Eritrea und Tansania durchführen, die mein Verständnis der Kolonial-und der afrikanischen Geschichte erheblich verbessert haben. Darüber hinaus hatte ich das Glück, die letzte Schreibphase der Dissertation in Hamburg zu verbringen, wo ich Gastwissenschaftler des Hiob Ludolf Centre for Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies der Universität Hamburg war, dessen Direktor, Alessandro Bausi, ich ebenfalls ganz besonders danke.Neben den Forschungskolloquien von Oliver Janz und Sebastian Conrad an der Freien Universität Berlin durfte ich während der Promotion in verschiedenen Konferenzen und Workshops mein Projekt vorstellen: in Pavia, Alghero, Loveno di Menaggio, Rom, Saarbrücken sowie in Budapest. Den OrganisatorInnen und den TeilnehmerInnen dieser Veranstaltungen bin ich nach wie vor dankbar für die vielen Anregungen und die interessanten Diskussionen.
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