Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a globally important crop, providing oil and protein. Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex includes seed-borne pathogens that affect this legume. Non-thermal plasma treatment is a fast, cost-effective and environmental-friendly technology. Soybean seeds were exposed to a quasi-stationary (50 Hz) dielectric barrier discharge plasma operating at atmospheric pressure air. Different carrying gases (O 2 and N 2 ) and barrier insulating materials were used. This work was performed to test if the effects of non-thermal plasma treatment applied to healthy and infected seeds persist throughout the entire cycle of plants. To this aim, lipid peroxidation, activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase, vegetative growth and agronomic traits were analysed. The results here reported showed that plants grown from infected seeds did not trigger oxidative stress due to the reduction of pathogen incidence in seeds treated with cold plasma. Vegetative growth revealed a similar pattern for plants grown from treated seeds than that found for the healthy control. Infected control, by contrast, showed clear signs of damage. Moreover, plasma treatment itself increased plant growth, promoted a normal and healthy physiological performance and incremented the yield of plants. The implementation of this technology for seeds treatment before sowing could help reducing the use of agrochemicals during the crop cycle.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important crops worldwide providing dietary protein and vegetable oil. Most of the nitrogen required by the crop is supplied through biological n 2 fixation. Non-thermal plasma is a fast, economical, and environmental-friendly technology that can improve seed quality, plant growth, and crop yield. Soybean seeds were exposed to a dielectric barrier discharge plasma operating at atmospheric pressure air with superimposed flows of O 2 or n 2 as carrying gases. An arrangement of a thin phenolic sheet covered by polyester films was employed as an insulating barrier. We focused on the ability of plasma to improve soybean nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation. The total number of nodules and their weight were significantly higher in plants grown from treated seeds than in control. Plasma treatments incremented 1.6 fold the nitrogenase activity in nodules, while leghaemoglobin content was increased two times, indicating that nodules were fixing nitrogen more actively than control. Accordingly, the nitrogen content in nodules and the aerial part of plants increased by 64% and 23%, respectively. Our results were supported by biometrical parameters. The results suggested that different mechanisms are involved in soybean nodulation improvement. Therefore, the root contents of isoflavonoids, glutathione, auxin and cytokinin, and expansin (GmEXP1) gene expression were determined. We consider this emerging technology is a suitable pre-sowing seed treatment. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) crop is considered a highly valuable source of protein, oil, and biofuel. With a worldwide sown area of 130 million hectares, soybean production achieved 370 million metric tons (68% of global production) in 2018-2019, up 9 percent from the previous year. Approximately 45% of this production corresponds to South American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay 1. Growers in the main agricultural areas of the world employ chemical fertilizers as the only reliable tool for facing the increasing demand for food that accompanies the ever-growing world population 2. There is a substantial concern around the world for the optimization of alternative nitrogen sources that may help to avoid the intensification of chemical fertilizer usage. The contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to the stock of N available for the crop results essential. The symbiotic associations between legumes and rhizobia represent the most important N 2-fixing agents in agricultural systems. Soybean is considered among the most efficient legume species regarding the ability to fix N: 58-68% of soybean plant N derives from N 2 fixation 3. Only bacteria contain the nitrogenase enzyme that can reduce N 2 to ammonium, and the major problem in maintaining a high rate of N 2 fixation is that this enzyme is oxygen-labile 4. Leghaemoglobin accumulated in the cytoplasm of infected plant cells binds to free oxygen avoiding the inactivation of nitrogenase 5. Many scientific efforts have been made in the last de...

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