Five crn loci have been identified in Fusarium moniliforme. Mutants at these loci were chlorate resistant and able to utilize nitrate. The crnl locus was closely linked to, and may be allelic with, nit3, a regulatory gene controlling induction of the nitrate reductase pathway. The crn2 locus was linked to, but distinct from, the nit5 gene coding for a molybdenum-containing cofactor. The crn3 and crn4 loci were unlinked to any known gene affecting nitrate reduction. The crn5 locus was clearly linked to the nit1 gene coding for the nitrate reductase enzyme. Mutants of crnl and crn5 had low but detectable levels of nitrate reductase activity; these mutations may be leaky alleles of nitrate reduction genes. crn2 mutants had normal nitrate reductase activity, and may be altered in nitrate uptake.Abbreviation : CRUN sectors, chlorate-resistant sectors that can utilize nitrate. 0001-5049 0 1989 SGM

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The relentless need for the discovery and development of new agrochemicals continues as a result of driving forces such as loss of existing products through the development of resistance, the necessity for products with more favorable environmental and toxicological profiles, shifting pest spectra, and the changing agricultural needs and practices of the farming community. These new challenges underscore the demand for novel, high-quality starting points to accelerate the discovery of new agrochemicals that address market challenges. This article discusses the efforts to identify the optimum ranges of physicochemical properties of agrochemicals through analysis of modern commercial products. Specifically, we reviewed literature studies examining physicochemical property effects and analyzed the properties typical of successful fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides (chewing and sap-feeding pests). From the analysis, a new set of physicochemical property guidelines for each discipline, as well as building block class, are proposed. These new guidelines should significantly aid in the discovery of next-generation agrochemicals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

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