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The study area reveals that small-scale subsistence cropping of rice, maize and coffee remained in Maliana. Farmers obtained their income primarily from farming characterized by relatively low yield which they attributed poor application of improved technologies like the use of quality seeds, fertilizer and other inputs. Other than crops, farmer-respondents also integrate Bali cattle in their farms during fallow period where rice straw became available for the animals. Farming systems are diverse and most farmers also raise livestock (cattle, water buffalo, goats, sheep, chickens and pigs). Native pastures which comprise mainly native grasses and some legumes such as Leucaena (ipil-ipil), Gliricidia (madre de cacao) and other edible plants provide a cheap source of feed. Livestock range freely with no grazing management which gradually lead to loss of vegetative cover and soil erosion. Moreover, survey results reveal that majority of farmer-respondents had inherited the practice of raising Bali cattle from their parents. It was found that they have been raising cattle from 5 to 40 years. A big proportion of respondents got their knowledge for raising cattle from the government with conditions such as provision of training on feeding, pest and disease control, free vaccines and other technical support. As a consequence, farmers mentioned that the availability of inexpensive and quality forages, especially during the long dry season (6-7 months) is a major constraint on cattle production in the seven villages of Maliana. The farmers depend heavily on locally available natural feed resources, but there is a shortfall due to limited land availability and uncertain local climatic patterns. This is aggravated by the inadequate support extended to farmers in terms of improved technology in crop-livestock farming system is aggravated by the scarcity of resources and reluctance of farmers to adopt improved technologies.

O estudo visa identificar índices de desempenho reprodutivo e sistemas de criação de suínos nos municípios de Ainaro e Viqueque, Timor-Leste. Foi utilizado o método de levantamento com caráter puramente descritivo para buscar conhecer os fenômenos ocorridos no local de investigação, principalmente em relação à criação de suínos locais. Assim, foram entrevistados 396 produtores em ambos os municípios. Na determinação do local da pesquisa, utilizou-se o método proporcional para determinar o tamanho da amostra e o método aleatório simples na seleção dos entrevistados. Observou-se que 80% a 90% dos criadores ainda adotaram o sistema extensivo de subsistência, fornecendo alguns alimentos aos animais sem se preocupar com o controle técnico e com a qualidade da alimentação fornecida. O resultado da análise estatística descritiva mostrou que o número médio de leitões por parto nos dois municípios ficou entre 4 e 6 leitões, respectivamente. O peso dos leitões ao nascimento variou entre 900 e 970 g. A idade média de desmame é de 3 a 4 meses, ocorreu naturalmente. O peso médio ao desmame dos leitões foi de aproximadamente 5,56 a 6,72 kg, respectivamente. A idade da primeira ninhada de marrãs é de 10 a 16 meses e o intervalo entre partos é de 6 a 12 meses. Vida útil das porcas entre 3 a 6 anos e taxa de natimortos de 0,17 a 1% por parto. Concluiu-se que os sistemas de criação adotados têm um efeito significativo no baixo desempenho reprodutivo da suinocultura local.

The purpose of agricultural development is to eradicate hunger and poverty through sustainable production to ensure sustainable consumption in the context of ensuring food self-sufficiency. The study aims to characterize production systems and agricultural productivity factors at the research site. This study was carried out in the municipalities of Aileu, Ainaro, and Covalima and lasted 3 months, from August to October 2021. The descriptive survey method was used, and the intentional sampling method was used to determine the research sites based on the second data of the 2019 Agricultural Census. To determine the sample size, the Slovin method was used and the respondents were obtained using the simple random method. The variables observed, namely the age, experience, and degree of education of respondents, such as production support factors and the main factors of agricultural productivity, include the sales regime of agricultural products. The results revealed that the mean age of the respondents was between 42.12 and 48.06 years, with an experience of 15.65 to 24.18 years as a producer. The degree of education varies between the three municipalities, and the majority of respondents still with literacy occur in the municipality of Covalima. The minimum total agricultural areas are 0.20 ha and the maximum 11 ha with the average of operational areas between 0.75 and 1.98 ha, and abandoned areas between 0.81 and 1.97 ha per respondent. The highest production of rice and corn occurs in the municipality of Covalima, however, the municipality of Aileu and Ainaro showed lower production. About 65 to 85% of producers finance their productive activities on their own and the workforce is about 3 to 6 people per family. The frequency of agricultural productivity varies between the three municipalities, in the municipality of Covalima the production occurs twice of cultivation per year and in the municipalities of Aileu and Ainaro occurs once a year. The most used production systems are conventional systems (without the use of technologies) in the production of rice and corn and extensive systems in livestock. The results also showed that parents have less interest in encouraging young people to continue farming in the future. The regime for the sale of agricultural products varies depending on market access and the buyer arriving at the place of production.