Melnick-Needles syndrome is a congenital syndrome associated with severe architectural disorder of the skeletal system that can cause significant effects on the craniofacial skeleton including the mandible and temporomandibular joint. We report on a case of a young adult patient who experienced chronic dislocation, pain, and dysfunction of her temporomandibular joints related to both a severe bite dysfunction (mandibular hypoplasia) and the underlying bony architectural disorder associated with Melnick-Needles syndrome. The patient underwent bilateral mandibular distraction to correct her skeletal malocclusion and improve the condylar relationship with the temporomandibular joint fossae. The inherent bony abnormalities presented unique challenges to distraction. The patient was successfully distracted using internal mandibular distractors, rhBMP-2, and a prolonged distraction protocol. The patient experienced complete resolution of symptoms and resumed an unrestricted diet 6 months after removal of devices and has been pain-free for more than 24 months.

cuarto marqués de Cañete, quien como gobernador de Chile (1557-1561) había logrado notables avances en la pacificación del rebelde territorio de Arauco, pero cuyos méritos no quedaron reconocidos por Alonso de Ercilla en La Araucana. Se estudia, sobre todo, la imagen que la pieza ofrece del noble personaje en el contexto de su actuación en la guerra de Arauco, la cual generó en el Siglo de Oro un abundante corpus de obras literarias.

(escrita en 1866, estrenada y publicada en 1867). En ella vamos a encontrar al genial dramaturgo convertido en ser de fi cción, en un personaje dramático romántico que constituye una idealizada encarnación del honor y la fe españoles. Y es que, como certeramente escribe Joaquín Álvarez Barrientos, «Durante el siglo xviii y el xix se había ido trazando el camino que llevaba a esa exaltación de Calderón como enseña de la Patria» 1 que culminaría con la celebración del segundo centenario de su muerte en 1881. Por supuesto, no fue Calderón el único escritor del Siglo de Oro que protagonizó aventuras de fi cción en la época romántica: las peripecias biográfi cas de Cervantes, Quevedo, Lope de Vega y muchos otros autores áureos sirvieron de inspiración para los escritores románticos, tanto en el subgé

Abstract. Lightning properties of a total of 1174 negative downward lightning flashes are analyzed. The high-speed video recordings are taken in different regions around the world, including Austria, Brazil, South Africa and USA, and are analyzed in terms of flash multiplicity, duration, interstroke intervals and ground strike point (GSP) properties. Although the results vary among the data sets, the analysis reveals that a third of the flashes are single-stroke events, while the overall mean number of strokes per flash equals 3.67. From the video imagery an average of 1.56 GSPs per flash is derived, with about 60 % of the multiple stroke flashes striking ground in more than one place. It follows that the channel creating a GSP is re-used by a factor of 2.3. Multiple-stroke flashes last on average 371 ms, whereas the geometric mean (GM) interstroke interval value preceding strokes producing a new GSP is about 18 % greater than the GM value preceding subsequent strokes following a pre-existing channel. In addition, a positive correlation between the duration and multiplicity of the flash is presented. The characteristics of the subset of flashes exhibiting multiple GSPs is further examined. It follows that strokes with stroke order of two create a new GSP in 60 % of the cases, while this percentage quickly drops for higher order strokes. Further, the possibility to form a new channel to ground in terms of the number of strokes that conditioned the previous channel shows that approximately 88 % developed after the occurrence of only one stroke. Investigating the time intervals in the other 12 % of the cases when two or more strokes re-used the previous channel showed that the average interstroke time interval preceding a new channel is found to be more than twice the time difference between strokes that follow the previous channel.