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Technological advancement has benefited minimal invasive surgery substantially. In terms of enhanced operative vision, three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopy provides binocular depth perception, which was absent in the past with the conventional two-dimensional (2D) laparoscopy. There have been a number of studies comparing the use of 2D and 3D laparoscopy over the years and they were reviewed in this article. Essentially, 3D laparoscopy resulted in better performance time and lower error rates with specific tasks in experimental settings, and this was seen in surgeons across different levels of experience. The advantage in terms of operative and clinical outcome was equivocal, with some studies demonstrated faster operating time and less blood loss while others showing similar results. Long-term results in this aspect are scarce. Despite these, surgeons appeared to prefer 3D laparoscopy to the conventional 2D imaging system. Nevertheless, there are still questions to be answered and the role of 3D laparoscopy can be better defined with evidence from future studies.

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Aim: Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a surgical emergency necessitating urgent debridement and aggressive antimicrobials. Early recognition of high-risk patients enables timely critical care, but controversies existed in common scoring systems. No local data are available on their applicability and valid prognosticating factors; therefore, the aim of the present study was to improve triage and mortality. Patients and Methods:Fifty patients with FG from 2006 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline demographics, physiological and laboratory values, management options, and parameters in established scoring systems were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors via univariate analyses. Receiver operating characteristic curves for the three commonest indexes were plotted to evaluate their diagnostic performance. Results:Mortality was 20 per cent, compatible with international literature. Nonsurvivors had greater median age (63 vs 53 years, P = 0.05), smoking habit (70 vs 30 per cent, P = 0.03), diabetes (80 vs 38 per cent, P = 0.03), immunosuppression (100 vs 68 per cent, P = 0.046), orchidectomy (30 vs 3 per cent, P = 0.022) and serum creatinine (1.2 vs 0.91 mg/dL, P = 0.042) and lower haematocrit (31 vs 36 per cent, P = 0.006). No survival benefit was observed in the construction of defunctioning stoma and suprapubic catheterization. For scoring systems, no difference in translated score levels was seen. The area under the curve of the FG severity index was 0.798, whereas that for the simplified and Uludag versions were 0.588 and 0.833, respectively; all were statistically not significant. Conclusion: Smokers and elderly, diabetic, or immunocompromised patients, those with a higher creatinine or lower haematocrit level and those requiring orchidectomy had a poorer prognosis and could benefit from intensive care. Current scoring systems either perform poorly or have troublesome frontline application. The present study is the first local study of such intent.