Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of mortality worldwide, accounting for nearly 18 million deaths per year. Among other considerations, treating CVDs requires better understanding their risk factors. Sleep-disordered breathing, especially obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is a likely contributor to several CVDs. We review key epidemiological data that addresses the link between OSA and cardiovascular outcomes such as hypertension, atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, atherosclerosis, and heart failure (HF), and proposed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this association. There are several biological pathways linking OSA and an increased propensity to cardiovascular diseases, and we discuss the evidence on the benefits of treatments of OSA on the prevalence of cardiovascular complications.

La creciente necesidad de observar la Tierra con mayor detalle supone la aparición de nuevas técnicas para la mejora del valor geométrico de las imágenes, conservando sus características radiométricas. El sector de seguridad y defensa es uno de los sectores estratégicos que requiere de estos avances, pero no los únicos, ya que, al ser capaces de conservar las características radiométricas del dato, la agricultura de precisión constituye un beneficiario clave de dichas mejoras. De esta manera se pueden proporcionar datos e información más detallada de las necesidades específicas de cada cultivo, lo que supone una mejora directa para el agricultor, las empresas agrícolas y el medio ambiente. En este trabajo se aplicaron los métodos Random Forest y XGBoost con el fin de mejorar la resolución de las imágenes GEOSAT-2 conservando sus valores radiométricos. Además, se evaluó la calidad de las imágenes mejoradas. Dicha valoración ha sido llevada a cabo por el equipo de control y evaluación de datos de Copernicus (CQC), permitiendo añadir un nuevo producto a la cartera de productos de GEOSAT, listo para ser integrado dentro de la oferta de datos del programa Copernicus.

PURPOSE To evaluate the pathological effects of neoadjuvant therapy (NT) on prognostic and predictive factors of invasive mammary carcinomas (IMC) and the impact of these changes on overall survival time. METHODS Sixty-eight IMC diagnosed, treated with NT (2008-2016), with surgical excision at Hospital das Clínicas of UFMG showing pathological partial response. All samples were revised by an experienced breast pathologist, classified and graduated according to the WHO criteria. The histological tumor types were divided into three groups (no special type, lobular type and others). Estrogen and Progesterone receptors (ER and PR), HER2 and Ki67 status were evaluated through IHC. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical program. RESULTS Nineteen of 55 tumors (34.5%) showed changes in histological type ( P = .024). Although not significant, 26/55 tumors had changes in histological grade, such as higher (27.3%) or lower grade (10.9%). Seven percent showed an increase in the percentage of inflammatory infiltrate ( P = .004) and 35% had a decrease. Twenty-two of 55 (40%) of tumors showed ER changes and 20/55 (36,4%) showed PR changes. 96.4% of cases kept the same HER2 expression. 34.5% of tumors showed changes in the Ki67 expression. Ki67 distribution was different in post-therapy samples (non-normal distribution), diverting from expected ( P = .014). There was an increase in Luminal A-like type (from 18.2% on pre-NT to 25.5% on post-NT samples) and Triple Negative type (from 34.5% on pre-NT to 45.5% on post-NT samples). These pathological changes found in post-neoadjuvant therapy samples did not affect the overall survival time of patients (median time of 44 months). CONCLUSION Prognostic and predictive factors of IMC can change after neoadjuvant therapy. Reclassifying and retesting the residual samples is important to reevaluate treatment. There was no impact on overall survival of patients.