Graphical AbstractHighlights d 132 zebrafish mutants for genes located in schizophreniaassociated genomic regions d Phenotypes for many understudied genes with previously unknown functions d Phenotype atlas for abnormal behavior and brain activity d More than 30 genes prioritized for future study
20Genomic studies have identified hundreds of candidate genes near loci associated with risk for 21 schizophrenia. To define candidates and their functions, we mutated zebrafish orthologues of 132 22 human schizophrenia-associated genes and created a phenotype atlas consisting of whole-brain 23 activity maps, brain structural differences, and profiles of behavioral abnormalities. Phenotypes 24 were diverse but specific, including altered forebrain development and decreased prepulse 25 inhibition. Exploration of these datasets identified promising candidates in more than 10 gene-26 rich regions, including the magnesium transporter cnnm2 and the translational repressor gigyf2, 27 and revealed shared anatomical sites of activity differences, including the pallium, hypothalamus 28 or tectum. Single-cell RNA sequencing uncovered an essential role for the understudied 29 transcription factor znf536 in the development of forebrain neurons implicated in social behavior 30 and stress. This phenotypic landscape of schizophrenia-associated genes prioritizes more than 30 31 candidates for further study and provides hypotheses to bridge the divide between genetic 32 association and biological mechanism. 33 2 1 Keywords 2 GWAS; neuropsychiatric disorder; schizophrenia; zebrafish; behavior; whole-brain activity; 3 neurodevelopment; forebrain; prepulse inhibition; single-cell RNA-sequencing 4 5
The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered the pre-clerkship, clerkship, and research experiences for medical students. Although these changes impact all specialties, we highlight the unique challenges faced by neurology education and discuss methods by which our institution is adapting to these changes at the epicenter of the pandemic in the U.S. We include a few examples of how some neurology departments around the country have altered their teaching methods in the COVID-19 era and capitalize on lessons learned by proposing new strategies for moving neurology education forward.
INTRODUCTION:Recently, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been widely used in therapeutic such as wounds, ischemic limbs, and lymphedema, due to their ability to release various cytokines. In addition, ADSCs can improve the efficiency of fat transplantation.
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