Wildland and wildland/urban interface fires are a serious problem in many areas of the world. It is expected that with global warming the wildfire and wildland/urban interface fire problem will only intensify. The ignition of natural combustible material by hot metal particles or embers is an important fire ignition pathway by which wildland and urban spot fires are started. There are numerous cases reported of wild fires started by hot metal particles from clashing power lines, or from sparks generated by machines or engines. Similarly there are many cases reported of industrial fires caused by grinding and welding sparks. Despite the importance of the subject, the topic remains relatively unstudied. The senior author of this article and his collaborators have been working for the past few years on this problem. In this article, we provide a comprehensive summary of that work to date. The work includes experimental and theoretical modeling of the ability of hot metal particles and embers to cause the ignition of cellulosic fuel beds. The metal particles studied are representative of clashing conductors (aluminum and copper) and those produced by machine friction and hot work such as welding (stainless steel and brass). In addition glowing and flaming wood embers are considered, as they represent an important source of fire spotting in wildfires. The overall results show a hyperbolic relationship between particle size and temperature, with the larger particles requiring lower temperature to ignite the fuel bed than the smaller particles. An important finding is that although particle energy is important in the capability of the particle to ignite the fuel, both energy and temperature are determining factors of the particle ignition capabilities. The thermal properties of the metal play a lesser role with the exception of the energy of melting if it occurs. It also appears that the controlling ignition mechanisms by large particles are different than those from the small particles. The former appear to be determined primarily by the particle surface temperature while the latter by the particle energy and surface temperature. Sparks are a specific type of particles with very small sizes and very high temperatures. Because of the small sizes, their energy is small and it is postulated that the sparks must accumulate for ignition of a fuel bed to occur. The results with embers indicate that the smoldering is the easier form of ignition, although Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ gcst. 269Downloaded by [New York University] at 02:40 14 July 2015 270 A. C. FERNANDEZ-PELLO ET AL.flaming ignition can occur if the ember is flaming and the air velocities are moderate. To provide further information about the fire spot ignition process, both analytical and numerical modeling are used and compared with the experimental results. Although the models provide qualitative predictions further development is necessary to reach quantitative predictive capabilities.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract