The PAD Temperament Model provides a general framework for personality description and consists of three nearly independent dimensions: Trait Pleasure-displeasure, Trait Arousability, and Trait Dominance-submissiveness. The present study analyzed the Shyness, Loneliness, and Conformity scales within the PAD Model. Shyness resembled trait anxiety and neuroticism and was composed of unpleasant, arousable, and submissive characteristics, with submissiveness the strongest and arousability the weakest components. Loneliness, like depression, was composed of unpleasant and submissive qualities, although submissiveness was a much weaker component of loneliness than of depression. A new Conformity Scale evidenced a strong negative correlation with Trait Dominance and was independent of Trait Pleasure and Trait Arousability. Implications of the findings for clinical intervention were discussed.

The present study explored emotional thinking in the adult using four related scales. A new Mysticism Scale assessed tendencies to use magical, esoteric, incomprehensible, and unfounded concepts and hypotheses. Two related scales (Paranormal Belief, Magical Ideation) correlated .88 and .74, respectively, with the Mysticism Scale. The Globality-Differentiation Scale assessed emotional, subjective, and centered thinking and related to unpleasant, arousable, and submissive characteristics, showing it to be the cognitive counterpart of Trait Anxiety or Neuroticism. The Globalityl maladjustment relationship was confirmed by positive relationships of the Globality Scale with measures of Trait Anxiety, Depression, Panic, Somatization, and Drug Use. In comparison, the Mysticism Scale related only to Trait Arousability (a measure of positive and/or negative emotional sensitivity) and, along with the Paranormal Belief and Magical Ideation scales, was generally unrelated to measures of psychopathology.Werner defined development as involving progressive differentiation and hierarchic integration of parts and used this definition to analyze cognitive systems (or world views) of 1) individuals or 2) cultures [l}. For individuals, Werner's definition of development implied less self-other differentiation and greater fusion of cognition, affect, and behavior at earlier stages of development. Shared 325