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This review discusses the role of opioids in the corneal surface and the different pathways and therapeutic methods of management. A literature review was performed using PubMed database. For the database search, the main searching words “opioid” and “topical opioid treatment” were used with the descriptors “cornea”, “ocular surface”, “neuropathic corneal pain”, “corneal sensitivity” and “naltrexone”; original scientific articles and reviews were included to achieve the purpose of the review. The endogenous opioid system has relevant functions in the organism, and in daily use, opioids are used as painkillers. However, these drugs may be employed for other indications as opioid pathways have a wide spectrum. The corneal surface for topical treatment is easily accessible, hence sparing the side effects of systemic opioids. Instillation of opioid antagonist substances, such as naltrexone, increases corneal healing rates and stimulates the division of corneal epithelium cells without deleterious effects. The natural modulation of endogenous opioids controls different forms of pain, including inflammatory and neuropathic pain, both in the ocular surface and in the central nervous system. There are diverse methods in controlling pain using opioids, especially in refractory forms. This review attempts to collect the literature about corneal surface and opioid pathways to provide an overview image and a possible direction of the news treatments.

ResumenIntroducción. El craneofaringioma es un tumor embrionario de la región selar y/o supraselar derivado de células fusiformes de la bolsa de Rathke. Aunque la forma clásicamente propuesta para la recidiva tras el tratamiento es a nivel locorregional, se ha descrito, en raras ocasiones, la posibilidad de recidiva ectópica fuera de esta localización, bien por siembra directa de células durante la cirugía en el campo quirúrgico, bien por diseminación celular a través de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Se presenta el caso de una paciente con metástasis en el lóbulo frontal de un craneofaringioma previamente intervenido diez años antes y se revisan los casos similares publicados en la literatura hasta la fecha.Resultados. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura ha permitido encontrar 21 casos publicados previamente. La siembra celular directa fue el mecanismo de implantación más frecuente. En todos, el tratamiento de elección fue la resección quirúrgica completa, cuando esta fue posible. El tiempo de latencia entre la primera cirugía y la recidiva ectópica varió entre 1 y 21 años.Conclusiones. Es interesante tener presente en el diagnóstico diferencial la posibilidad de recidiva ectópica de craneofaringioma en pacientes que hayan sido intervenidos de este tipo de tumor y que presenten una nueva masa en sistema nervioso central (SNC). Dado el largo tiempo de latencia que puede transcurrir entre la resección de un craneofaringioma y su recidiva, se hace necesario un seguimiento largo de estos pacientes mediante pruebas periódicas de imagen.PALABRAS CLAVE. Craneofaringioma. Recidiva ectó-pica.Ectopic relapse of an operated craniopharyngioma. Case report and review of the literature Summary Introduction. Craniopharyngioma is an embrionary tumor of the sellar and/suprasellar region derived from fusiform cells of Rathke´s cleft. Although locoregional relapse is the way classically proposed for relapse after treatment, it has been described, in a few cases, the possibility of ectopic relapse out of the sellar-suprasellar region, by direct seeding of cells during surgery on the surgical field, or by cell dissemination in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is proposed to report the case of a patient with relapse of a craniopharyngioma in the frontal lobe, who was previously operated ten years after, as well as to review the similar cases reported in the literature to the date.Results. A systematic review of the literature has allowed to find 21 cases previously reported. Direct cellular seeding was the most frequent implantation mechanism. In all cases, the preferred treatment was radical surgical removal when this was possible. The time of latency between first surgery and relapse differed from 1 to 21 years.Conclusions. It is interesting, in the differential diagnosis, to bear in mind the possibility of ectopic relapse of craniopharyngioma in patients who have been operated because of this type of tumor and who present a new mass in nervous central system (CNS). In view of the long time of latency that can pass between ...

Prostate Cancer (PC) is commonly known as one of the most frequent tumors among males. A significant problem of this tumor is that in early stages most of the cases course as indolent forms, so an active surveillance will anticipate the appearance of aggressive stages. One of the main strategies in medical and biomedical research is to find non-invasive biomarkers for improving monitoring and performing a more precise follow-up of diseases like PC. Here we report the relevant role of IGF2 and miR-93-5p as non-invasive biomarker for PC. This event could improve current medical strategies in PC.