Nanjing has areas with different degrees of pollution and is therefore predestined for the analysis of particle phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (P-PAHs) in different functional areas and their correlation with the latter. The functional sites include a background area (BGA), an industrial area (IDA), a traffic area (TFA), a business area (BNA) and a residential area (RDA), where parameters such as PAH composition, content, carcinogenic and mutagenic potencies were analyzed. The results revealed increasing P-PAH contents (PM 2.5 , PM 10 ) in the following order: BGA (14.02 ng m -3 , 38.45 ng m -3 ) < BNA (16.33 ng m -3 , 44.13 ng m -3 ) < TFA (17.13 ng m -3 , 48.31 ng m -3 ) < RDA (21.11 ng m -3 , 61.03 ng m -3 ) < IDA (50.00 ng m -3 , 93.08 ng m -3 ). Thereby, the P-PAH content in the industrial area was significantly higher than in the other functional zones (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the gas phase PAH concentrations were also estimated by the G/P partitioning model and the total PAH toxicity was assessed applying toxicity equivalent factors (∑BaP TEF ) and mutagenicity equivalent factors (∑BaPM EF ). Finally, the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) value of children and adolescents in Nanjing was higher than that of adults.

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Being the largest boreal steppe lake in Northeast China, Hulun Lake has been characterized by an eutrophication induced by abnormally high organic matter. This work investigated therefore the physicochemical and water quality parameters of Hulun Lake, and that of the inflowing Crulen River and Orshen River through winter, to reveal the spatial and temporal characteristics of water quality without impact of algae bloom, atmospheric deposition, wind or allochthonous nutrient input. Results showed that the prevention of wind induced sedimentary resuspension in accompany with the minimized volume of tributary inflows supposed to predominate the eutrophication alleviation. The formation of ice cover had a slight concentrative effect on water ion content. However, ice cover resulted in an increasingly homogenous distribution of phosphorus and oxygen-depleting organic matter over the entire lake. The two headwater streams demonstrated limited impact on water quality in estuaries in winter without showing evident coordination in upstream water nutrient level. It is suggested that the prevention of wind disturbance by ice cover and the subsequently modified hydrodynamic and water ecological processes are the determinant factors to water quality in Hulun Lake during winter.