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a b s t r a c tWe determine the optimal bound for the maximum number of moves required to reach a periodic configuration of open mancala (also called open owari), inspired by a popular African game. A mancala move can be interpreted as a map from the set of compositions of a given integer in itself, thus relating our result to the study of the corresponding finite dynamical system.

This paper presents a new iconic language, the IKON language, and its philosophical, linguistic, and graphical principles. We examine some case studies to highlight the semantic complexity of the visual representation of meanings. We also introduce the Iconometer test to validate our icons and their application to the medical domain, through the creation of iconic sentences.

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