Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves clinically heterogeneous dysfunctions of sustained attention, with behavioral hyper-activity and impulsivity. The exact underlying mechanisms of ADHD are not known, however, impairment of dopaminergic system in the nigrostriatal pathway was suggested as the one of the possible mechanisms of ADHD. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme that is involved in the synthesis of dopamine. Spontaneous hypertensive rats have been used as the animal model for ADHD. Physical exercise is known to restore the brain functions disrupted by several neurode-generative and psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we investigated whether treadmill exercise exerts therapeutic effect on ADHD. Social interaction test for the evaluation of impulsivity was performed using spontaneous hypertensive rats. TH expressions in the substantia nigra and striatum were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In the present results, the rats of ADHD model showed hyper-social behaviors. TH expressions in the substantia nigra and striatum were decreased in the rats of ADHD model. Treadmill exercise alleviated hyper-social behaviors in the ADHD rats. TH expressions of ADHD rats were also enhanced by treadmill exercise. Here in this study, we showed that treadmill exercise effectively alleviates the ADHD-induced symptoms through enhancing of TH expression in the brain.

Tilia species are valuable woody species due to their beautiful shape and role as honey trees. Somatic embryogenesis can be an alternative method for mass propagation of T. amurensis. However, the molecular mechanisms of T. amurensis somatic embryogenesis are yet to be known. Here, we conducted comparative transcriptional analysis during somatic embryogenesis of T. amurensis. RNA-Seq identified 1505 differentially expressed genes, including developmental regulatory genes. Auxin related genes such as YUC, AUX/IAA and ARF and signal transduction pathway related genes including LEA and SERK were differentially regulated during somatic embryogenesis. Also, B3 domain family (LEC2, FUS3), VAL and PKL, the regulatory transcription factors, were differentially expressed by somatic embryo developmental stages. Our results could provide plausible pathway of signaling somatic embryogenesis of T. amurensis, and serve an important resource for further studies in direct somatic embryogenesis in woody plants.

Hyperglycemic diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high level of plasma glucose. Numerous studies have shown that hyperglycemic diabetes leads to brain dysfunction including cognitive impairment and emotional disorders. This study evaluated the impact of exercise on brain dysfunction, hippocampal neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment in hyperglycemic diabetes. The present study suggests that exercise improves hyperglycemic control and prevents decline of cognition through increasing hippocampal neurogenesis. Understanding the mechanism of exercise for hippocampal neurogenesis can lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders.