Objective: To identify the frequency and scope of extemporaneous compounding practice reported in community and hospital pharmacies.Methods: A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify the prevalence of extemporaneous compounding practice in community and hospital pharmacies, including the reasons of providing compounding services.Results: Nine studies were identified and evaluated in which extemporaneous products prepared by pharmacist could be identified. Most of the studies record that prevalence of extemporaneous compounding practice is very low (less than 5%). Prescribing of compounded medicines occurs more frequently in paediatrics and for special patients' need. The major types of extemporaneous compounding products were dermatological dosage forms and followed by oral solutions and oral suspensions. Reasons for providing compounding practice were to make a customised products that not available commercially and to provide full pharmaceutical care to patients. Issues about the stability of compounded products, accuracy in dose strength and lack of standardised protocol in extemporaneous compounding need to be addressed. Conclusion:Extemporaneous compounding practice are an essential part of pharmacist' competency. These unique skills need to be preserved and regulations that cover rationalised compounding practice is necessary.

This study aimed to estimate the current prevalence and treatment cost of noncommunicable diseases attributed to tobacco in the Indonesian population in 2015. An epidemiological study was performed. Using the national universal coverage database, we calculated the morbidity and treatment cost of 19 diseases. Proportion of smoking-attributed diseases and treatment costs because of smoking were calculated using smoking-attributable fraction. The study revealed that the morbidity of smoking-related diseases accounted for 991 331 cases, about 21.6% of total cases of chronic diseases in Indonesia. The highest incidences of disease were hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and ischemic heart disease. The treatment cost of smoking in Indonesia was conservatively estimated to be at least US$2177 million, approximately 2.5% of the 2015 gross domestic product. A majority of the cost was largely concentrated in the male population (US$2164 million). Treatment costs of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and ischemic heart disease had the highest cost burden. This study's findings provide scientific evidence about the economic burden of smoking, particularly the health care expenditure covered by the government. This study's evidence is important for informing national public health policy to advocate the health promotion and prevention program.

ABSTRAKPrevalensi penyakit diabetes melitus (DM) dan hipertensi di Indonesia semakin tahun semakin meningkat. Pemerintah melalui Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) mencanangkan Program Pengelolaan Penyakit Kronis (Prolanis) untuk mencapai kesehatan yang optimal dan kualitas hidup yang baik pada penyakit DM dan hipertensi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kualitas hidup pasien prolanis di puskesmas menggunakan instrumen EQ-5D-5L. Studi dilakukan pada 200 pasien prolanis yang terdiri dari 100 pasien diabetes melitus dan 100 pasien hipertensi. Lokasi pengambilan sampel berada di puskesmas Kota Palu Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah untuk pasien DM dan Kabupaten Aceh Barat Provinsi Nangroe Aceh Darussalam untuk pasien hipertensi yang dilakukan dalam kurun waktu 3 bulan (September-November 2018). Penelitian menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional study dengan metode convenience/accidental sampling. Kualitas hidup diukur menggunakan instrumen European Quality of Life-5 Dimension-5 Level (EQ-5D-5L) dan konversi health utility (utility) dengan value set Indonesia. Analisis data menggunakan uji independent t-test untuk melihat perbedaan kualitas hidup pada tiap kelompok karakteristik pasien DM dan hipertensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan domain rasa sakit/tidak nyaman merupakan domain yang paling banyak dilaporkan terjadi masalah pada pasien DM maupun Hipertensi. Nilai utility pasien DM sebesar 0,843±0,081, sedangkan hipertensi sebesar 0,767±0,154. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan nilai utility berdasarkan karakteristik umur (p=0,001), riwayat penyakit keluarga (p=0,006), lama menderita penyakit (p=0,000) dan frekuensi kontrol (p=0,000) pada pasien hipertensi, sedangkan pada pasien DM hanya pada karakteristik memiliki penyakit lain (p=0,026). ABSTRACTThe prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension in Indonesia is increasing every year. The government through the BPJS has launched a prolanis program to achieve optimal health and good quality of life in DM and hypertension patients. This study aimed to measure the quality of life of prolanis patients in primary healthcare centers using the EQ-5D-5L instrument. The study was conducted on 200 prolanis patients consisting of 100 diabetes mellitus patients and 100 hypertensive patients. Data were collected from patients in the primary healthcare centers of Palu Municipality Central Sulawesi Province for DM and from patients in the primary healthcare centers West Aceh District Nangroe Aceh Darussalam Province which were carried out within 3 months (September-November 2018). The study was a cross-sectional study design using convenience/accidental sampling method. Health related quality of life was measured using the European Quality of Life-5 Dimension-5 Level (EQ-5D-5L) and conversion to health utility (utility) used the Indonesian value set. Data analysis used the independent t-test to show the difference in quality live in each group of patients characteristics. The results showed that pain/discomfort was the domain most reported to have problems in DM and hypertension p...

Objective: Extemporaneous compounding is still done for clinical practices in several countries, one of them is in Indonesia. This is due to unavailability or limited formula for pediatric patients or limited budget in the procurement of medicines. This study was aimed at recognizing the compounding personnel's characteristics and the characteristics of extemporaneous compounding based on prescriptions at primary health care centers. Result:Compounding personnel at Primary Health Care Centers in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia consist of 59 personnel consisting of pharmacist (40.68%), pharmaceutical technicians (10.17%), compounding personnel having health educational background (22.03%) and those from non-health educational background (27.12%). Most of the compounding personnel are women (74.58%) while the rest of 25.42% is men. Mostly, compounding personnel working at the Primary Health Care Centers (35.60%) are in their productive age; they are between 20 to 30 years old. Most of their educational background are undergraduates (S1); they are 27 persons (45.76%). Commonly, the prescribers were general practitioners (79.75%), midwives (15.08%), dentists (2%), and nurses (3.17%). Children (97.67%) are the patients who are mostly prescribed at Primary Health Care Centers. The pediatric patients were dominated by 0-5 years-old children (74.33%) while adult patients were only 2.33%. The most common prescription is one extemporaneous compounding per prescription sheet as much as 97.58%. The form of extemporaneous compounding is mostly 96.42% oral; it consisted of 88.36% puyer (crushed tablet) and 8.06% suspension. Conclusions:In this study, drug compounders in Primary Health Care Centers are mostly pharmacists. The prescribers of extemporaneous compounding in Primary Health Care Centers are mostly general practitioners, some midwives and nurses also prescribe. Patients receiving the prescription are dominated by pediatric patients range between 0-5 years old. It is common to find only one extemporaneous compounding per prescription sheet, with puyer being the most prevalent.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus need appropriate therapeutic management, because it can cause complications. On of the services that can do to improve diabetes control is Medication Therapy Management (MTM). MTM is a new service that will help pharmacist to improve patient adherence and quality of life. This study aims to determine the effect of based services MTM on treatment adherence and quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus. This study was an experimental study using a quasi-experimental with one group pretest and posttest design which was conducted in Tegalrejo, Jetis and Gedontengen Health Center Yogyakarta City. Variables measured were medication adherence using the Morisky-Green Levine Medication Adherence Scale (MGLS) questionnaire and quality of life using Diabetes Quality of Life Clinical Trial Questionnaire (DQLCTQ) before and after MTM services. The effect of MTM on medication adherence was analyzed using Wilcoxon test and the effect of MTM on quality of life using Paired T-Test. The patients participate in this study were 20 people, with average score of adherences before application of MTM was 2.20±0.410 to 1.80±0.616 after the application of MTM (P=0.005) and the average of the patient's quality of life was 73.82±7.918, increased to 76.42±5,623 after MTM service (P=0.033). Statistically mean, there is a difference in adherence and quality of life before and after MTM services. Therefore, it can be concluded that MTM-based services performed by pharmacists have a significant effect on improving medication adherence and quality of life for DM patients. Moreover, it can facilitate monitoring patient therapy, and identification of problems related to the treatment.